The Journal of Plant Genetic Resources is a bimonthly academic journal co-sponsored by the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and China Association of Agricultural Science Societies .Tt is the only journal in China that mainly introduces plant genetic resources. Founded in 2000, officially launched in 2003, quarterly from 2000 to 2009, and bimonthly in 2010.

The contents of the report are field, horticultural crops, ornamental and medicinal plants, basic research on plant genetic resources, research results in applied research, innovative academic papers, and high-level reviews or reviews of forest plants, grass plants and all their economic plants. For example, the investigation, collection, preservation, evaluation, utilization, innovation, Informatics, management, etc. of germplasm resources; Systems of origin, evolution, classification, etc.; Gene excavation, identification, cloning, establishment of gene libraries, and research on genetic diversity.

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    Review
    Introduction of Maize Germplasm Resources： Current Situations and Prospects
    LI Yu, LI Chunhui, ZHANG Dengfeng
    2026,27(5):867-876 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260213001
    [Abstract] (108) [HTML] (46) [PDF 649.90 K] (33)
    Abstract:
    Although China is not the country of origin of maize， it has become the largest maize production country in the world. Maize germplasm resources serve as strategic assets supporting the development of maize breeding and ensuring national food security. This paper reviews the historical contributions of maize germplasm resources to modern maize breeding and production in China， briefly introduces the conservation status of global maize germplasm resources and the introduction of such resources into China， and proposes strategies and priorities for future maize germplasm resource introduction. Special attention should be paid to regions where early domestication and dissemination of maize occurred， international research institutions preserving maize germplasm resources， and countries ranking at the forefront in terms of conservation quantity. The paper concludes that international exchanges and cooperation will be the primary pathways for promoting the introduction of maize germplasm resources in the future.
    Molecular Mechanisms of Wheat Resistance to Necrotrophic Fungal Diseases and Broad-Spectrum Breeding Strategies
    GAO Xudong, LI Yafei, HAO Yuran, MA Chengcheng, ZHOU Yongbin, CHEN Jun, CHEN Ming, XU Zhaoshi, MA Youzhi, ZHU Xiuliang
    2026,27(5):877-893 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260128001
    [Abstract] (66) [HTML] (16) [PDF 3.55 M] (19)
    Abstract:
    Necrotrophic fungi represent a major class of devastating pathogens threatening wheat production， inducing host cell death to absorb nutrients through the secretion of toxins and cell wall-degrading enzymes. Unlike biotrophic pathogens， the unique "kill-before-feeding" pathogenic strategy of these fungi makes the classic "gene-for-gene" resistance model insufficient to fully elucidate their defense mechanisms. A systematic review of the pathogenic strategies of necrotrophic fungi and wheat defense mechanisms is of significant value for accelerating the genetic improvement of disease resistance in wheat. This article clarifies the pathogenic strategies of necrotrophic or heminecrotrophic pathogens； summarizes a general defense model dominated by cell wall reinforcement， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） cascades， and jasmonic acid （JA）/ethylene （ET） signaling， as well as specific defense mechanisms primarily involving detoxification by toxin-degrading enzymes， loss-of-function of susceptibility factors， and the alleviation of negative immune regulators. On this basis， a "general-specific" layered synergistic defense model for wheat against necrotrophic fungi is constructed， highlighting the core role of the general defense model in limiting early pathogen colonization and exploring how specific resistance loci enhance basal immunity through signal feedback to form a spatiotemporally integrated defense network. Finally， targeting the pathogenic commonalities of necrotrophic fungi， broad-spectrum disease resistance breeding strategies based on the integration of general defense and specific resistance are proposed， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for breeding new wheat varieties with durable resistance.
    Research Articles
    Phenotypic Differences of Major Agronomic Traits in Rice under High and Low Altitude Environments
    WANG Kun, TANG Cuifeng, GENG Leiyue, MA Xiaoding, YANG Yayun, DU Qi, HAN Bing, DONG Chao, ZHANG Wei, A Xinxiang, ZHANG Qixing, SUN Jianchang, HAN Longzhi, CUI Di
    2026,27(5):894-909 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260105002
    [Abstract] (78) [HTML] (26) [PDF 2.94 M] (28)
    Abstract:
    Global climate change poses severe challenges to rice production in China， and the identification and evaluation of major agronomic traits of rice varieties under high and low altitude environments are of great significance for breeding cold-tolerant and climate-adapted rice varieties. Using 436 rice varieties of diverse geographical origins from China and abroad as experimental materials， this study conducted a two year repeated and precise identification of major agronomic traits at the high altitude identification site in Songming， Yunnan and the low altitude identification site in Caofeidian， Hebei. The results showed that the major agronomic traits of rice varieties exhibited significant differences between high altitude and low altitude environments； the phenotypic mean of plant height， panicle length， effective panicles per plant and seed setting rate at the low altitude site in Caofeidian were significantly higher than those at the high altitude site in Songming， while the heading stage was delayed， the days to heading were increased， and the grains per panicle increased accordingly at the Songming site. There were significant differences in low temperature response index （LRI） of seed setting rate among rice varieties from different origins. Among them， varieties from Yunnan， China and Japan varieties had the highest LRI of seed setting rate， exhibiting strong cold tolerance. Based on the division of rice growing region in China， the rice varieties from the southwest and northwest rice growing regions had the highest mean LRI of seed setting rate and thus strongest cold tolerance， followed by those from the north China and northest rice growing regions.Under high and low altitude environments， the stability coefficients of panicle length and effective panicles per plant were relatively small compared with other traits， their phenotypic values were relatively stable and low susceptibility to environmental variations； the days to heading had the largest stability coefficient， corresponding to the poorest phenotypic stability and the highest sensitivity to environmental changes. Cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationship of rice varieties from different origins was somewhat correlated with the geographical location and latitude of their provenance， and rice varieties with similar geographical locations or latitudes exhibited closer genetic relationships. This study also screened 20 accessions of cold tolerant rice varieties， such as Koshihikari， Maihime， Hitachi 23 and 20 accessions with good stability of days to heading under high and low altitude environments， such as Sujing 2， Zhongzuo 58， Hongqi 5. These materials can serve as excellent parents for use in breeding programs targeting cold tolerance and climate change adaptability in rice.
    Evaluation of Cold Tolerance at the Germination Stage and Screening of Cold-Tolerant Germplasm in Maize Inbred Lines
    SHI Haichao, TAN Zhe, LIU Qinting, WEI Guangyu, SHI Yiting, LI Liang, XING Guofang, FAN Kaijian
    2026,27(5):910-920 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251230002
    [Abstract] (62) [HTML] (36) [PDF 3.75 M] (25)
    Abstract:
    Low-temperature injury has emerged as a serious threat to maize production in recent years， particularly in high-latitude regions of China， such as the Northeast and Northwest， which are major maize-producing areas. Enhancing cold tolerance at the germination stage is one of the key strategies to inhibited low-temperature damage and ensuring stable， high yields. Establishing a scientific， efficient， and practical evaluation system for maize cold tolerance at the germination stage is of great significance， and essential for screening and identifying cold-tolerant maize materials. In this study， a panel of 292 maize inbred lines with diverse genetic backgrounds were used for a comprehensive evaluation of cold tolerance under indoor conditions， with principal component analysis and the weighted membership function method （D-value） for further analysis. The results showed that low-temperature stress significantly inhibited the development of most of detected traits at the germination stage， including germination rate， germination potential， sprouting speed，germination index，simple vigor index，average root growth speed，average shoot growth speed. Additionally shoot length was significantly shortened， and significant differences were observed in these traits among different inbred lines. Comprehensive evaluation of cold tolerance using the D-value revealed substantial variation within the population， with a mean value of 0.359 and a range from 0.079 to 0.747. Among these lines， SY1039 exhibited the highest D-value， demonstrating the strongest cold tolerance. Furthermore， based on the D-value， the 292 inbred lines were successfully clustered into five distinct cold-tolerant subgroup， namely the extremely low-temperature-tolerant group， strong low-temperature-tolerant group， moderately low-temperature-tolerant group， weak low-temperature-tolerant group， and extremely weak low-temperature-tolerant group. Notably， the inbred lines from tropical and subtropical germplasm groups showing excellent cold tolerance. Correlation analysis revealed the highest positive correlation （correlation coefficient=1.00） between relative shoot length and relative average shoot growth rate， as well as between relative root length， while the highest negative correlation was observed between relative germination potential and relative germination index （-0.20）. This study provides a methodological reference for evaluating cold tolerance in maize and offers a material foundation for research on cold tolerance mechanisms and the screening of cold-tolerant materials.
    Analysis of High Temperature Sensitivity Differences and Screening of Elite Soybean Germplasm
    CHEN Lixian, WANG Yongjun, HU Guoyu, ZENG Jinhuan, SU Rui, ZHAO Xianwei, ZHAO Chaosen, WANG Xiaocui, SUN Liping, LI Suning, WU Jiashan, XU Jiang, PENG Renwen, LIU Hesheng, YE Qian, WANG Xing, SONG Jian, GUO Bingfu
    2026,27(5):921-931 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251222002
    [Abstract] (72) [HTML] (95) [PDF 2.73 M] (42)
    Abstract:
    High temperature severely constrains soybean growth and development， leading to significant yield losses. The development of high-temperature tolerant cultivars necessitates the identification of elite germplasm with such tolerance. Here， under natural conditions， comparative field experiments were conducted in Hefei （high-temperature treatment） and Xuzhou （control） from 2018 to 2020. A total of 608 soybean germplasm accessions were systematically evaluated for phenotypic variation in plant height， pod height at bottom， number of nodes on main stem， effective branch number， pod number per plant， seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight. The results showed that temperature was the major factor responsible for trait differences between the two locations， particularly affecting effective branch number， seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight. High temperature sensitivity among accessions was assessed by calculating high-temperature response coefficients（HTRC） and integrating principal component analysis， fuzzy membership function analysis and cluster analysis. Compared with the control group， the high temperature group exhibited a highly significant increase in the number of nodes on main stem. However， pod height at bottom， effective branch number， pod number per plant， seed weight per plant， and 100-seed weight decreased highly significantly. Based on HTRC， six traits were transformed into three principal components by principal component analysis， with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.23%. A comprehensive evaluation value （T value） was then calculated according to the weights of the principal components. Cluster analysis classified the 608 accessions into five sensitivity classes： extremely sensitive （9 accessions）， slightly sensitive （123 accessions）， moderately sensitive （309 accessions）， mildly sensitive （158 accessions）， and non-sensitive （9 accessions）. Notably， foreign high temperature tolerance germplasms， including Kanto 102， Suzumaru， Bedford， and PI80828-1 were identified as insensitive to high temperature. These results provide valuable germplasm resources and a theoretical basis for breeding new heat-tolerant soybean cultivars.
    Genetic Diversity and Disease Resistance Assessment of Eggplant Germplasm Resources
    FENG Jiazhu, LI Zhuoyun, QIU Xiaoyu, QIU Zhengkun, YAN Shuangshuang, CAO Bihao
    2026,27(5):932-947 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260111001
    [Abstract] (64) [HTML] (76) [PDF 7.01 M] (32)
    Abstract:
    To systematically evaluate the genetic diversity of eggplant germplasm resources and screen for disease-resistant germplasms， this study used 62 eggplant accessions as experimental materials. Genetic diversity was analyzed through morphological traits and InDel molecular marker technology， and resistance to bacterial wilt and phonopsis blight was identified via artificial inoculation. The results showed that the morphological traits of the test eggplant accessions，such as fruit longitudinal diameter， fruit shape index， and fruit color，exhibited rich variation， with coefficients of variation for all traits exceeding 10%， among which fruit traits showed the most pronounced diversity. Phenotypic clustering divided the tested germplasms into four groups， primarily distinguishing types such as purple-red long eggplant and white-green fruit eggplant based on fruit traits. InDel molecular marker clustering also resulted in four groups， with cultivated varieties highly concentrated in Group Ⅰ （49 accessions）， indicating a relatively narrow genetic base， while wild species were independently clustered into Group Ⅲ and Ⅳ， showing a large genetic distance from cultivated varieties and serving as a key source for broadening genetic diversity. At the molecular level， the mean polymorphism information content （PIC） of the 23 InDel markers was 0.290， with 18 markers （78.3%） exhibiting moderate polymorphism （0.25<PIC<0.50） and five markers showing low polymorphism （PIC<0.25）， indicating a moderate level of genetic diversity. Disease resistance evaluation identified four accessions highly resistant to bacterial wilt， including the wild germplasm African scarlet eggplant （24AE001， 24AE002） and turkey berry （24AE004） ， as well as cultivated accession 24AE100； and eight accessions immune to phomopsis blight ， including the wild germplasm African scarlet eggplant （24AE001， 24AE002） and Kashi eggplant （24AE003） ， as well as cultivated accessions 24AE024， 24AE058， 24AE068， 24AE078， and 24AE098. Wild germplasm accessions exhibited superior disease resistance. These findings confirm that eggplant germplasm resources possess substantial genetic diversity， with wild germplasm serving as an important reservoir of disease resistance genes. The identified resistant germplasms provide valuable genetic resources for disease-resistant breeding programs.
    Evaluation and Genetic Diversity Analysis of 109 Cymbidium ensifolium Germplasms
    LIN Huifeng, XU Kezheng, LI Lihong, CAO Yiyang, XU Chunzhi, XIE Chang, LIN Fazhuang, ZHOU Huiming
    2026,27(5):948-963 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260104001
    [Abstract] (60) [HTML] (20) [PDF 7.03 M] (16)
    Abstract:
    The evaluation of germplasm resources and their genetic diversity is a crucial step in modern breeding. Core germplasm with superior comprehensive traits and clear genetic background are essential for Cymbidium ensifolium breeding. In this study， 109 C. ensifolium germplasm accessions were used as materials to measure 8 quantitative traits and 9 qualitative traits. An evaluation model was established using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to calculate comprehensive scores. Simultaneously， 24 pairs of SSR primers were used for PCR amplification to analyze population genetic parameters and conduct UPGMA clustering. The results showed that floral traits contributed the most to ornamental value （weight 0.5730）， among which petal type was the most critical factor （weight 0.3350）. Three Grade I germplasm accessions （all lotus-type） and 18 Grade II germplasm accessions （mainly lotus-type and plum-type） were identified based on their comprehensive scores. SSR analysis detected 94 alleles， demonstrating a high level of genetic diversity within the population （polymorphism information content was 0.655）. The observed heterozygosity （Ho=0.612） was higher than the expected heterozygosity （He=0.465）， indicating potential outcrossing within the population. Based on genetic similarity coefficients， the 109 accessions were clustered into seven groups. A comparison between phenotypic clustering （based on AHP scores） and genotypic （SSR） clustering revealed a partial correspondence alongside notable discrepancies. This suggests that the key ornamental traits， such as petal type， may be controlled by a few major genes， while SSR markers reflect a neutral genetic background. The AHP evaluation system established in this study highlights the central role of petal type in C. ensifolium breeding. SSR analysis reveals substantial genetic diversity and an active hybridization background within the population. By systematically comparing the phenotypic and genotypic clustering results， a breeding strategy of "primary phenotypic selection combined with genetic background optimization" is proposed， which offers a reference for core germplasm screening， marker-assisted breeding， and parental selection in C. ensifolium.
    Comparative Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of Different Tested Populations of Polygonatum kingianum
    ZHU Yueyue, HONG Di, LI Chunyan, ZHANG Yixin, ZHANG Wangshun, ZHOU Yongli, YANG Shengchao, LIU Guanze, LIU Xuyan
    2026,27(5):964-976 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260101001
    [Abstract] (47) [HTML] (25) [PDF 3.21 M] (12)
    Abstract:
    Polygonatum kingianum is a characteristic and widely cultivated medicinal plant in Yunnan province， and systematic evaluation of its germplasm resources is essential for elite line selection and genetic improvement. In this study， four populations were used as experimental materials， comprising three systematically selected new lines （Yuxinhuang， Yuxinyan， and Yuxinhong） and a natural population. A total of 120 individual plants were analyzed， comprising 30 individuals randomly sampled from each of the four populations. Nine phenotypic traits and three medicinal component contents were measured to systematically analyze genetic variation patterns and conduct a comprehensive evaluation. The results indicated substantial genetic diversity among the tested materials. The coefficients of variation （CV） within and between populations ranged from 4.46% to 83.01% and from 8.03% to 77.35%， respectively. Notably， the variation in medicinal components was significantly greater than that in phenotypic traits. Correlation analysis revealed that plant height was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with yield-related traits. Furthermore， rhizome thickness showed an extremely significant positive correlation with polysaccharide and methyl protodioscin contents. Total peduncle length was extremely significantly positively correlated with methyl protodioscin and diosgenin contents， suggesting a significant associative effect between the above-ground morphological characteristics of P. kingianum and its below-ground yield and intrinsic quality. Consequently， easily observable traits such as plant height and peduncle length can serve as indicators for the preliminary evaluation and auxiliary screening of yield potential and quality. Principal component analysis （PCA） extracted four principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 66.91%， screening out five core evaluation indices， including plant height， rhizome length， rhizome width， rhizome thickness， and rhizome weight. Cluster analysis classified the 120 individual samples into four groups： Group I comprised high-yield materials， mainly represented by Yuxinhuang； Groups II and IV consisted of high-saponin materials， predominantly Yuxinyan； and Group III included high-polysaccharide materials， mainly Yuxinhong. Based on comprehensive scores derived from the membership function method， the top 30 elite individuals with superior overall performance were selected， including 15 Yuxinhuang， 13 Yuxinyan， and two Yuxinhong， while no accessions from natural populations were included. Overall， this study systematically elucidates the phenotypic and quality characteristics of different P. kingianum lines and highlights the comprehensive advantages of the Yuxin series elite lines， providing a solid theoretical basis and valuable germplasm resources for targeted breeding and efficient utilization of P. kingianum.
    Association Analysis between Ornamental Phenotypic Traits Related to Flowering Period and SSR Markers in Dendrobium Germplasm
    KONG Lan, CUI Yi, LIN Rongyan, YE Xiuxian, ZHONG Huaiqin
    2026,27(5):977-992 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251223001
    [Abstract] (47) [HTML] (65) [PDF 17.29 M] (29)
    Abstract:
    In this study， the genetic diversity and association analysis of 128 Dendrobium germplasms were conducted using 29 phenotypic traits and 15 SSR markers. The results showed that the coefficient of variation among 17 quantitative traits （such as pseudobulb length， inflorescence length， flower number） ranged from 25.90% to 145.64%， and the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.02 to 1.50， with inflorescence length exhibiting the highest coefficient of variation. For the 12 qualitative traits， a total of 70 variant types were detected， with genetic diversity index ranging from 0.08 to 1.83. Petal color， sepal color， and lip color showed the most abundant variation. Highly significant positive intercorrelations were observed among floral organ traits such as flower length， flower width， medium sepal length. Cluster analysis divided the 128 Dendrobium germplasms into five groups. Group Ⅰ was characterized by tall pseudobulbs and large flowers. Group Ⅱ exhibited terminal inflorescences but small flowers. Group Ⅲ featured relatively dwarf plants with few flowers. Group Ⅳ showed minimal phenotypic variation and purplish-red or purple flowers. Group Ⅴ consisted of medium-sized plants with diverse flower colors. Analysis using the 15 SSR primers identified 98 alleles， with mean values of 3.742 for effective alleles， 0.345 for observed heterozygosity， 0.618 for expected heterozygosity， 1.320 for Shannon's index， and 0.631 for polymorphism information content. Population structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis based on SSR markers consistently grouped the 128 germplasms into two subpopulations. A total of eight markers were significantly associated with thirteen phenotypic traits according to the general linear model （GLM） and mixed linear model （MLM）， explaining 8.68% to 22.30% of phenotypic variation. This study provides feasible markers for molecular marker-assisted selection of important ornamental traits in Dendrobium germplasms， which will enhance the breeding efficiency of this species.
    Development of KASP Markers and Construction of Fingerprinting for Sweetpotato
    XIAO Shizhuo, DAI Xibin, ZHAO Donglan, ZHANG An, ZHAO Lingxiao, YUAN Rui, WANG Jie, WANG Yao, LI Qinglian, NING Tong, ZHOU Zhilin, CAO Qinghe
    2026,27(5):993-1004 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260114003
    [Abstract] (52) [HTML] (18) [PDF 6.47 M] (16)
    Abstract:
    China is the world's largest producer of sweetpotato and also possesses abundant sweetpotato germplasm resources. However， progress in the development of molecular markers and the identification of germplasm resources for sweetpotato has been relatively slow. In this study， based on genome resequencing data of sweetpotato germplasm resources， we selected suitable SNP loci and developed 18 KASP markers. Analyses of polymorphism information content （PIC） and minor allele frequency （MAF） showed that these markers exhibited good overall polymorphism. Using these 18 KASP molecular markers， genotyping was performed on 195 sweetpotato germplasm resources. Population structure analysis revealed that these germplasm resources could be divided into three groups： group G1 consisted mainly of domestic germplasm， while introduced germplasm was mainly distributed in groups G2 and G3. This grouping pattern was supported by cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis. Molecular variance analysis and genetic differentiation analysis indicated a low level of genetic differentiation among the three groups， and gene flow analysis showed frequent genetic exchange between them. Among the 18 KASP markers， 11 markers were able to distinguish all 195 sweetpotato germplasm resources. These 11 KASP markers can be used as core molecular markers for sweetpotato germplasm identification. Fingerprinting was constructed for the 195 sweetpotato germplasm resources based on these 11 KASP markers. This study provides valuable tools and a foundation for the classification and identification of sweetpotato germplasm resources.
    GWAS Analysis of Initial Tendril Node and Candidate Gene Mining in Cucumber
    ZHANG Yujie, DONG Shaoyun, MIAO Han, LIU Xiaoping, GUAN Jiantao, DAI Fangqing, YANG Lin, LI Sen, ZHANG Shengping
    2026,27(5):1005-1017 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260110001
    [Abstract] (45) [HTML] (15) [PDF 5.90 M] (12)
    Abstract:
    The initial tendril node is a crucial agronomic trait in cucumber， serving as a key indicator of the plant's transition from the seedling stage to the vine-growing stage. However， no genes regulating the initial tendril node in cucumber have been reported to date. This study used 229 cucumber core germplasm accessions from four different ecotypes （European， Pickled， North of China， and South of China） as experimental materials. The initial tendril node was investigated in plastic greenhouses at the Shouguang experimental base of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in April and August 2024. Phenotypic analysis was conducted， and through genome-wide association analysis， four loci were detected on Chr.4， Chr.5， and Chr.6， respectively： gITN4.1， gITN5.1， gITN6.1， and gITN6.2， with phenotypic variation explained of 11.31%， 9.35%， 10.06%， and 9.10%. Based on gene sequence analysis，haplotype analysis and gene expression level analysis， six candidate genes associated with tendril initiation node within these four loci were identified： CsaV3_4G010490， CsaV3_4G010540， CsaV3_5G025510， CsaV3_5G025520， CsaV3_6G037390 and CsaV3_6G051770. These findings provide valuable germplasm resources for breeding cucumber varieties suitable for simplified cultivation practices. This work also lays the foundation for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing the initial tendril nodes in cucumber.
    Identification of Cold-Resistant Genes of Small Apples in Cold Region
    QU Zhiyuan, WANG Lixin, WANG Shanshan, LI Honglian, YAO Donghan, WU Xuanrong, ZHANG Bingbing, SONG Hongwei, ZHAO Chenhui, LIANG Yinghai
    2026,27(5):1018-1032 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251222001
    [Abstract] (48) [HTML] (14) [PDF 4.27 M] (6)
    Abstract:
    Cold resistance is a key trait determining the overwintering ability and geographic distribution of small apple in cold region. This study used a program-controlled low-temperature constant-temperature chamber to simulate the daily temperature fluctuations of extreme winter cold （-5℃ to -35℃） in Jilin province， China. In 2024 and 2025， one-year-old branches of 297 cold-resistant apple germplasm resources were treated in freezing stress， and their cold resistances were evaluated. Phenotypic data for the classification of cold resistance were obtained. Based on Malus baccata genome resequencing， 34 significantly associated SNP loci were identified using genome-wide association study （GWAS） between genotype data and cold-resistance phenotypes. These loci were localized to three major effect regions on Chr.12， Chr.15， and Chr.16 in Malus baccata genome， and then 86 candidate genes were preliminarily identified. Gene Ontology （GO） functional enrichment analysis indicated that nine genes were involved in stress response， six genes responded to abscisic acid， two genes responded to low temperature， and two genes participated in water transport. Homology analysis revealed that 45 candidate genes were homologous with Arabidopsis transcription factors and cold-responsive （COR） genes involved in low-temperature response. The conserved domains of 20 genes were identified through Pfam annotation， which were associated with biological functions including transcriptional regulation under cold stress， vesicle transport and membrane binding， calcium signaling， and detoxification of toxic aldehydes. RNA-seq expression analysis revealed that 27 candidate genes responded to low-temperature stress. Among them eight genes were highly expressed in one-year-old branches of apple during the dormancy period， and 12 genes were highly expressed in one-year-old branches of apple under artificially simulated freezing stress. Five candidate genes （Mbac12g00487， Mbac12g00488， Mbac12g02683， Mbac15g00435， and Mbac16g01000） were up-regulated in one-year-old branches during forced dormancy and artificial simulated freezing stress through qRT-PCR analysis. This study provides candidate genes and data references for in-depth research on cold-resistant gene functions of apple.
    Functional Identification of Xylan Biosynthesis-Associated Genes OsIRX9L， OsIRX10 and OsIRX14 in Rice
    RUAN Nan, YANG Xiao, WANG Ye, TIAN Fuhao, WANG Meihan, DANG Zhengjun, CAO Liyu, YIN Xuelin, LI Fengcheng, CHEN Wenfu
    2026,27(5):1033-1043 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251229001
    [Abstract] (45) [HTML] (28) [PDF 4.88 M] (12)
    Abstract:
    The rice cell wall is principally composed of cellulose， hemicellulose， lignin， and pectin， among which hemicellulose constitutes for approximately one-third of the total cell wall components. Xylan， the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide， plays an important role in plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis， Glycosyltransferase 43 （GT43） and Glycosyltransferase 47 （GT47） families have been characterized as core components involved in the xylan backbone biosynthesis. To investigate the roles of GT43 and GT47 family genes in rice xylan backbone synthesis， we systematically characterized OsIRX9L， OsIRX10 and OsIRX14 in the rice variety Kitaake via bioinformatics， gene expression profiling， cell wall composition analysis and mutant phenotypic identification. The results revealed that OsIRX9L， OsIRX10， and OsIRX14 are highly evolutionarily conserved homologs of the Arabidopsis proteins AtIRX9L， AtIRX10， and AtIRX14， respectively. Gene expression analysis indicated that these three genes exhibit higher transcript levels in rice secondary wall tissues and showed a high co-expression pattern with CESAs required for secondary wall cellulose biosynthesis. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology， homozygous mutant lines （osirx9l-1， osirx9l-2， osirx10-1， osirx10-2， osirx14-1， and osirx14-2） for these genes were generated. Immunohistochemical staining assay showed that， compared to the wild-type， all mutants showed significantly reduced xylan content， as well as a marked decrease in xylose content. Among them， the osirx10 mutants exhibited the lowest xylan and xylose contents. Cell wall composition analysis indicated that both hemicellulose and cellulose contents in the mutant were lower than those in wild-type， with a particularly significant reduction in hemicellulose. The osirx10 mutants showed the most significant decrease. Agronomic trait measurements revealed that the mutants exhibited a significant reduction in plant height and dry weight compared to wild-type. In summary， this study demonstrates that the OsIRX9L， OsIRX10， and OsIRX14 genes collectively contribute to the biosynthesis of xylan in rice， significantly influencing cell wall composition and plant growth and development. Among them， OsIRX10 plays a predominant role.
    Identification and Analysis of the HD-ZIP Gene Family in Foxtail Millet and Drought Resistance Verification of SiHD05
    HOU Changye, HOU Xuyan, TANG Fan, WU Zhiying, ZHOU Wenjing, ZHANG Huiyuan, CUI Wenwen, CUI Ying, YAN Jiakun
    2026,27(5):1044-1055 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260104004
    [Abstract] (49) [HTML] (13) [PDF 4.97 M] (12)
    Abstract:
    Homeodomain-leucine zipper （HD-ZIP） transcription factors are widely distributed in plants and play crucial roles in regulating plant growth， development， and responses to abiotic stresses. However， systematic identification and functional characterization of this gene family in foxtail millet （Setaria italica L.） remain unclear. In our previous study， we identified the drought-resistant candidate gene Seita.1G253700.1. With the publicly available genome database of foxtail millet variety Yugu 1 combining with bioinformatics analysis， a systematic identification of the HD-ZIP gene family in foxtail millet is conducted， and its physicochemical properties， phylogenetic relationships， conserved motifs， gene structure， chromosomal location and cis-acting elements are analyzed. The results showed that a total of 29 HD-ZIP family members were identified in foxtail millet， with amino acid lengths ranging from 220 to 422 aa， relative molecular weights ranging from 23.99 kDa to 44.41 kDa， and theoretical isoelectric points from 4.60 to 9.63. All members were predicted to be localized in the nucleus by subcellular localization analysis. According to the phylogenetic tree， the HD-ZIP family members of foxtail millet were distributed in the HD-ZIP Ⅰ and HD-ZIP Ⅱ subfamilies， while no members were found in the HD-ZIP Ⅲ and HD-ZIP Ⅳ subfamilies， and significant differences in motif types and gene structures were observed among members of different subfamilies. The 29 genes were distributed on 7 chromosomes， with chromosome 9 having the largest number of genes， and the number of genes was not proportional to chromosome length. cis-acting element analysis revealed that the HD-ZIP gene family contains multiple abiotic stress-responsive elements， including abscisic acid-responsive elements and drought-inducible MYB binding sites. After transferring the SiHD05 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana， comprehensive analysis of phenotypes and physiological indices showed that overexpression of SiHD05 exacerbated leaf wilting under drought stress and significantly increased the accumulation of superoxide anion and abscisic acid， confirming that this gene negatively regulates drought resistance in Arabidopsis. This study provides a basic data for exploring the mechanism of the homeodomain-leucine zipper SiHD05 in foxtail millet and for research aimed at improving crop stress resistance.
    Anyalysis on Metabolic and Molecular of White-flowered Mutation in Salvia farinacea
    KAN Xinru, YANG Fang, GUO Zhenyu, ZHOU Peng, DU Fang
    2026,27(5):1056-1065 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251229003
    [Abstract] (35) [HTML] (19) [PDF 5.35 M] (7)
    Abstract:
    To elucidate the mechanisms of blue-white petal variation in Salvia farinacea， a comprehensive approach integrating phenotypic， cytological， biochemical and molecular perspectives was employed. The results indicated that blue flowers belong to the violet-blue group （N89A）， whereas white flowers belong to the white group （NN155B）. Compared with white-flowered plants， blue-flowered plants exhibit more abundant flowering， a longer flowering period， and stronger fragrance. Cytological observations revealed that the upper epidermal cells of blue flowers were conical and pigment-rich， whereas those of white flowers were spherical and colorless. Metabolic analysis showed that white flowers contained highly significantly lower total anthocyanin content but significantly higher total flavonoid content， suggesting a metabolic shift toward the flavonoid pathway. Gene expression and cloning analyses further revealed that the white-flowered SfDFR （dihydroflavonol-4-reductase） harbored a double A-base insertion at nucleotides 159-160. This insertion caused a frameshift mutation， which probably give rise to premature translation termination， and it might be the determinant of the lack of delphinidin-based anthocyanins in S. farinacea. To our knowledge， this is the first time that the white-flowered phenotype might be caused by a double A-base insertion in the DFR. By integrating cellular， metabolic， and genetic analyses， this study deciphers the key differential mechanisms responsible for blue-white petal variation in S. farinacea. In summary， our results provide novel insights into the white color formation in higher plants， and provides key gene target and molecular marker for ornamental plant breeding.These findings hold potential for directional regulation of flower color and the development of novel ornamental varieties through technologies such as gene editing.
    Cloning and Functional Analysis of Salt Tolerance in the MsDGK5 Gene from Medicago sativa
    LI Ruyue, LYU Huanhuan, LI Mingna, YUAN Feng, ZHANG Yarong, LONG Ruicai, KANG Junmei, YANG Qingchuan, GUO Changhong
    2026,27(5):1066-1076 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260101002
    [Abstract] (53) [HTML] (14) [PDF 3.44 M] (12)
    Abstract:
    As a typical type of abiotic stress， salt stress has become one of the core factors limiting plant growth and development. Diacylglycerol kinases （DGKs）， as signaling enzymes， play a critical role in responding to abiotic stresses by phosphorylating diacylglycerol （DAG） to form phosphatidic acid （PA）. In this study， the MsDGK5 gene was cloned from Medicago sativa L.， and the overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-MsDGK5 was constructed. We successfully obtained MsDGK5-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants using the floral dip method， and positive transgenic lines were selected for functional validation. Key findings include： （1） The full-length MsDGK5 gene spans 1428 bp， encoding 475 amino acids； （2） Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MsDGK5 is most closely related to MtDGK5 from Medicago truncatula； （3） The MsDGK5 gene is significantly induced by salt stress， and its expression level in roots reaches the highest at 48 hours after treatment； （4） Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing MsDGK5 exhibited enhanced salt tolerance， as evidenced by significantly higher fresh weight， survival rate， and total chlorophyll content， along with lower relative electrolyte leakage compared to wild-type plants. Studies have shown that overexpression of the MsDGK5 gene can significantly enhance the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. The research results provide important theoretical basis for systematically analyzing the function of MsDGK5 gene in Medicago sativa and its molecular mechanism of salt stress response， and lay a molecular foundation for the genetic improvement and breeding of salt-tolerant alfalfa.
    技术规程
    Standard Technical Regulations for Evaluating Lodging Resistance of Rice Germplasm Resources in the Field at Mature Stage
    ZHAO Yong, PAN Yinghua, LI Zichao, ZHANG Zhanying
    2026,27(5):1077-1080 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260203002
    [Abstract] (51) [HTML] (18) [PDF 495.10 K] (21)
    Abstract:
    Lodging resistance in crops is a complex quantitative trait， and precise phenotyping is pivotal for mining lodging resistance genes and elucidating their underlying genetic mechanisms. However， accurate field-based evaluation of lodging resistance in rice germplasm resources has long been a major technical challenge for crop breeders. To address this issue， our research group has developed a standardized technical regulations building on prior relevant research. This protocol encompasses the entire workflow of field-based lodging resistance evaluation， specifying operational norms and basic requirements for all key stages： General experimental requirements， land preparation， planting practices， water management， fertilization， disease， pest and weed control， and lodging resistance assessment at the mature stage. It is intended to serve as a robust technical reference for the systematic evaluation of lodging resistance in rice germplasm resources. This protocol is applicable to the field-based evaluation of lodging resistance in mature rice germplasm resources across all rice-growing regions in China.
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    Genetic Analysis of Ear-related Traits in the Very Early-maturing Maize Inbred Line CAVA119
    黎亮
    Available online:  June 04, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260306002
    [Abstract] (0) [HTML] (0) [PDF 892.24 K] (0)
    Abstract:
    The extremely early-maturing maize production region is one of the major commercial grain production bases in China. In recent years, increasing planting density to improve the yield of extremely early-maturing maize has become increasingly difficult, making the improvement of yield per plant an important strategy for overcoming the bottleneck of high yield. However, studies on the genetic loci associated with ear-related traits in extremely early-maturing maize remain limited. In this study, a doubled haploid (DH) population was developed through haploid technology using a cross between the extremely early-maturing inbred line CAVA119 and the medium-early-maturing inbred line 2104133005. Genotyping was performed using the Maize 3K liquid SNP chip. QTL mapping analyses for ear-related traits, including ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number, and kernel number per row, were conducted in the DH population and corresponding testcross populations across three different environments. A total of 86 QTLs associated with ear-related traits were identified. In the DH population, 55 QTLs were detected, including 17, 16, 15, and 7 QTLs associated with ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number, and kernel number per row, respectively. The major-effect locus was qKNPR1-2, with a LOD score of 22.02 and a phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of 12.02%. Among these, 18 yield-increasing alleles were derived from the extremely early-maturing parent CAVA119. In the testcross population, 31 yield-related QTLs were identified, including 8, 14, 5, and 4 QTLs associated with ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number, and kernel number per row, respectively. Among these, 11 yield-increasing alleles were contributed by the extremely early-maturing parent CAVA119. In addition, six QTLs identified in the testcross population overlapped with those detected in the DH population. Furthermore, two novel loci showing stable expression across multiple environments, qEL7-1 and qKNPR7-1, were identified. This study provides important theoretical insights and valuable genetic resources for elucidating the genetic basis of yield-related traits in extremely early-maturing maize and for advancing molecular breeding efforts.
    Resistance Identification and Elite Germplasm Screening for Rice Blast in International Wild Rice Resources
    zhengxiaoming, 周雷娜
    Available online:  May 29, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260207002
    [Abstract] (11) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.05 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    Abstract: Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating global diseases threatening rice production. The development and deployment of resistant cultivars are widely regarded as the most economical and environmentally sustainable strategy for disease control. Currently, rice resistance breeding relies heavily on a limited set of known resistance genes and the genetic pool of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). However, with the continuous evolution of pathogen populations, many existing resistances are being overcome, highlighting the urgent need to address the narrowing genetic base of resistance. Wild rice, the progenitor of cultivated rice, has accumulated extensive genetic diversity through long-term natural selection and is considered an invaluable reservoir for discovering novel resistance genes. Currently, large-scale evaluation of rice blast resistance in wild rice accessions from international sources, such as Myanmar and Sri Lanka, is relatively limited. In this study, 155 wild rice accessions from domestic and international sources were used as the main research materials,and the detached leaf puncture method was adopted to compare the resistance performance of wild rice from different sources against 16 physiological mixed races of Magnaporthe oryzae from Sichuan Province,thereby screening potential excellent disease-resistant germplasms. The results revealed significant differentiation in resistance among the tested materials: 103 accessions were classified as resistant (R+MR), accounting for 66.4% of the total. Specifically, 76 accessions (49%) exhibited high resistance (R), while 27 (17.4%) were moderately resistant (MR). The proportion of R-grade accessions from Myanmar (57.7%) and Sri Lanka(55.6%) was slightly higher than that of Chinese accessions (42.9%), with the resistance rate of Oryza nivara from Sri Lanka reaching as high as 90%. In conclusion, wild rice originating from Myanmar and Sri Lanka demonstrated higher resistance frequencies and lower susceptibility under the conditions of this study. These accessions serve as priority candidates for subsequent broad-spectrum resistance gene mining and as donors for resistance improvement in rice breeding.
    Analysis of Phenotypic Variation and Lobetyolin Content in Codonopsis pilosula and Its Hybrid Populations
    Zhang Hui, Zhang Ying, Li Ting Yu, Liu Ting, Zhang Hui Ping, Fang Jing, Duan Ting Ting, Shi Xiao Wen
    Available online:  May 29, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228002
    [Abstract] (7) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.41 M] (1)
    Abstract:
    Abstract:Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. (WE) and Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta (Nannf.) L.T.Shen (WN) are two major medicinal germplasms widely cultivated in Gansu Province, China. Based on a distant hybridization breeding strategy, two Codonopsis pilosula varieties and their 127 F1 hybrid individuals were used as experimental materials. Under indoor hydroponic conditions, 13 morphological traits of roots, stems, and leaves, as well as root lobetyolin content, were systematically measured and subjected to correlation analysis. The results showed that although no significant differences were detected in the mean values of most individual traits between the two parental lines, the WN population exhibited a higher Shannon diversity index (mean 1.297) than the WE population (mean 1.018), with average coefficients of variation of 72.85% and 72.21%, respectively. Moreover, the two populations displayed a tendency toward population differentiation in principal component distribution patterns and trait integration relationships. The F1 population showed the highest Shannon index (mean 1.56) but the lowest CV (47.57%), indicating a more even trait distribution with reduced amplitude of variation. PCA and clustering further demonstrated the formation of novel trait combinations in the F1 population. Most aboveground traits displayed significant mid-parent and over-parent heterosis with positive transgressive segregation. Lobetyolin content showed weak correlations with morphological traits in the parental populations but was significantly positively correlated with root diameter (r = 0.58, P < 0.01), root number, and root length in the F1 population. The results revealed limited morphological differences between WN and WE, while their hybrid progenies exhibited abundant phenotypic variation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for germplasm innovation and the selection of superior traits in Codonopsis pilosula.
    Identification of JAZ Gene Family in Hevea brasiliensis and Analysis of Negative Regulation of HbJAZ1 in Anthracnose Resistance.
    wuxuehong, liangxiaoyu
    Available online:  May 29, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260126003
    [Abstract] (18) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.66 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    To clarify the structural characteristics of the JAZ gene family in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and their negative regulatory role in anthracnose resistance. This study conducted systematic resistance identification research on the HbJAZ gene family and its key member HbJAZ1 through bioinformatics analysis, expression profiling, and functional validation. Through homologous sequence alignment and conserved domain search, 10 HbJAZ genes were identified from the rubber tree genome, with all HbJAZ proteins containing typical TIFY and JAS domains, demonstrating high structural conservation. Chromosomal mapping analysis revealed that the 10 HbJAZ genes were unevenly distributed across 7 chromosomes, with HbJAZ1 and HbJAZ5 clustered on chromosome 4, exhibiting distinct gene cluster distribution patterns. Promoter cis-acting element analysis indicated that the promoter regions of HbJAZ genes are enriched with light-responsive, hormone-responsive, and stress-related elements, among which HbJAZ1 simultaneously contains methyl jasmonate (MeJA) response elements and defense response elements, suggesting its potential role as a core regulatory node in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. Transcriptome analysis combined with qRT-PCR results demonstrated that multiple HbJAZ genes exhibited significant responses to anthracnose infection in rubber tree anthracnose-resistant germplasm, with HbJAZ1 showing markedly downregulated expression, implying its potential as a key negative regulatory factor. Further functional validation revealed that under methyl jasmonate induction, tobacco plants overexpressing HbJAZ1 exhibited significantly weaker disease resistance compared to wild-type plants, with suppressed expression of JA signaling pathway marker genes NbDEF1 and NbLOX1, indicating HbJAZ1's critical negative regulatory role in the JA signaling pathway. Subcellular localization studies demonstrated that HbJAZ1 was primarily localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Yeast two-hybrid experiments revealed direct interaction between HbJAZ1 and HbPP2C, a key protein in the ABA signaling pathway, suggesting its potential involvement in JA-ABA cross-regulation. In summary, this study elucidates the systematic characteristics and chromosomal distribution patterns of the JAZ gene family in rubber trees, clarifies HbJAZ1's negative regulatory function in anthracnose resistance, and provides crucial theoretical insights into the JA signal-mediated immune regulatory network in rubber trees.
    Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Phenotypic Genetic Diversity in 525 Flax Germplasm Resources
    党照, 张建平
    Available online:  May 29, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228001
    [Abstract] (5) [HTML] (0) [PDF 874.34 K] (0)
    Abstract:
    As an important oil and economic crop in arid and semi-arid regions of China, studying the genetic diversity of flax germplasm resources is of great significance for flax breeding. In this study, 525 flax germplasm resources from domestic and foreign sources were integrated, and 17 major phenotypic traits were systematically analyzed through two consecutive years of planting and identification. The results showed that the variation of petal color was the most abundant, while traits such as seed coat color and stem base shape were dominated by single phenotypes; the coefficient of variation of grain weight per plant, capsule number per plant and 1000-seed weight all exceeded 20%, indicating great potential for improvement; the coefficient of variation of capsule diameter, oil content and protein content was relatively low, which were the core conservative traits of flax varieties. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant or highly significant positive and negative correlations among multiple traits. 1000-seed weight and grain weight per plant were highly significantly positively correlated with capsule diameter and oil content, while plant height and technical length were highly significantly negatively correlated with 1000-seed weight and grain weight per plant; linolenic acid content was highly significantly positively correlated with protein content. Cluster analysis divided the 525 flax germplasm resources into four distinct groups. Group Ⅰ was the core germplasm for breeding high-linolenic acid oil flax; Group Ⅱ provided a special material pool for the breeding of early-maturing and high-oil flax varieties; Group Ⅲ was the ideal basic material for breeding fiber-oil dual-purpose flax varieties; Group Ⅳ was the key germplasm for broadening the genetic basis and mining excellent genes of flax. Principal component analysis extracted five principal components with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 73.47%. The comprehensive evaluation F-value ranged from 0.382 to 0.608, with an average of 0.486, and ten excellent germplasms including “Xinjiangbai” (F=0.698) were screened out. The F-value was significantly correlated with 13 key traits. This study systematically clarified the phenotypic genetic diversity characteristics, trait correlation rules and cluster differentiation characteristics of 525 flax germplasm resources, which provided abundant materials and clear directions for flax breeding, and laid a foundation for further broadening the genetic basis of flax and providing sustainable technical support for the high-quality development of the industry.
    Conservation and Utilization of Germplasm Resources of Maize Wild Relatives: Current Status and Prospects
    Li Yu, 李春辉, 张登峰, 李永祥
    Available online:  May 29, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260508001
    [Abstract] (6) [HTML] (0) [PDF 472.59 K] (1)
    Abstract:
    Maize originated in Mexico, and its closest wild relatives are other subspecies of teosintes that belong to the same species as maize (i.e., Zea mays), among which two subspecies are associated with the origin of modern maize. Slightly more distantly related to maize are other teosinte species within the same genus as Zea mays. Even more distantly related are species of the genus Tripsacum. All of these serve as important sources of gene resources for maize breeding. Based on an overview of the classification and geographical distribution of maize wild relatives, this article describes the status of in situ and ex situ conservation of global germplasm resources of maize wild relatives, evaluates their utilization value in maize breeding, and reviews the history and current status of germplasm enhancement and breeding use based on these wild relatives. Finally, key directions and technical approaches are proposed for future utilization in maize breeding.
    Variation Characteristics of Flavonoids in Soybean Germplasm Resources during Aging
    董娜, 杨海峰, 尹广鹍, 李洋, 张金梅, 辛霞
    Available online:  May 27, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260427006
    [Abstract] (10) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.25 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    To clarify the variation characteristics of flavonoids during the aging process of soybean germplasm resources and their relationship with germplasm vigor, this study used 27 soybean accessions from different origins as experimental materials. Artificial aging treatment at 40°C was applied to obtain different vigor gradients, and the relationships between germplasm vigor indicators, total flavonoid content, and changes in key flavonoid compounds were analyzed. The results showed that: the vigor loss characteristics varied among different accessions; the initial total flavonoid content differed significantly among accessions (0.373-3.381 mg/g), and most accessions showed an upward trend during aging, which was extremely significantly negatively correlated with germination rate. HPLC-MS/MS (High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) was used to analyze the flavonoid composition of soybean germplasm with different vigor levels, and combined with principal component analysis, cluster analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and correlation analysis, key differential flavonoid compounds including 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, calycosin, genistein, and apigenin were identified, which were significantly negatively correlated with germination rate. These key flavonoid compounds were significantly enriched in low-vigor samples and could be used to distinguish soybean germplasm with different vigor levels. Therefore, flavonoid compounds can serve as potential biochemical indicators for evaluating soybean germplasm vigor, providing a theoretical basis for the safe conservation and utilization of germplasm resources.
    Transcriptome analysis of spontaneous haploid genome duplication in maize haploid
    yangjiwei
    Available online:  May 27, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260430002
    [Abstract] (15) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.67 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    Commercial doubled haploid (DH) breeding has been widely adopted in maize, making it essential to elucidate the spontaneous haploid genome doubling (SHGD) capacity of parental inbred lines. This study aimed to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying SHGD in maize by comparing a high-doubling line (RL36Hap) with a low-doubling line (HCL645Hap). Anther morphology, I?-KI staining, transcriptome sequencing, and qPCR were employed to compare gene expression profiles at two developmental stages (1.0 and 1.5). RL36Hap exhibited normal anther development and 95% pollen viability, whereas HCL645Hap showed shriveled anthers and only 0.2% pollen viability. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 6,345 detected in HCL645Hap compared with 2,987 in RL36Hap. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that HCL645Hap was significantly enriched in microtubule-based movement, microtubule motor activity, DNA replication initiation, cytoplasmic translation, and structural constituents of ribosomes, whereas RL36Hap was enriched in nucleosome assembly, β-amylase activity, response to heat, and cell wall organization. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed significant enrichment of ribosome, DNA replication, fatty acid metabolism, and riboflavin metabolism pathways in HCL645Hap, whereas phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant–pathogen interaction pathways were enriched in RL36Hap. Heatmap analysis and qPCR validation indicated that microtubule- and DNA replication-related genes were aberrantly overexpressed and dysregulated in HCL645Hap, whereas RL36Hap maintained coordinated expression at moderate levels. Collectively, differences in SHGD capacity are associated with a trade-off among microtubule dynamics, redox homeostasis, and defense responses, and moderate rather than excessive regulation appears critical for efficient spontaneous genome doubling.
    Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Phenotypic Genetic Diversity of 348 Accessions of Perilla frutescens Germplasm Resources in Guizhou Province
    panjinwei, yanghang, xiangyi, raoqinlin, lihuilin, fengbin, linweihong
    Available online:  May 26, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260204002
    [Abstract] (40) [HTML] (0) [PDF 726.35 K] (2)
    Abstract:
    This study aims to explore the correlations among quantitative traits of Perilla germplasm resources in different regions of Guizhou, providing a theoretical basis for identifying superior Perilla germplasm resources. Analysis and evaluation of 348 Perilla germplasm resources with respect to 15 major quantitative traits were conducted using five methods: genetic diversity, correlation, principal component, cluster analysis, and comprehensive scoring. The results show that the coefficients of variation for 15 traits ranged from 4.44% to 56.70%, among which the coefficients of variation for single-plant grain weight and total spike number per plant were relatively high, at 56.70% and 53.30%, respectively. The range of the genetic diversity index is 0.99 to 2.01, among which the genetic diversity index of single grain weight, plant height, and main stem node number is relatively high, being 2.01, 1.85, and 1.77, respectively. Correlation analysis indicates that there are 52 significant or highly significant correlations among the 15 traits. The single grain weight per plant is significantly positively correlated with plant height, stem thickness, number of main stem nodes, total number of ears per plant, and stearic acid and is extremely significantly positively correlated with oil content and growth period. Principal component analysis extracted six principal components, with contribution rates of 19.14%, 14.03%, 11.10%, 9.24%, 8.53%, and 7.46%, respectively, and a cumulative contribution rate of 69.50%. Cluster analysis classified 348 perilla germplasm samples into four groups, each with distinct characteristics. Among them, Group II showed excellent overall performance and can be considered a candidate material for high-quality parent selection in perilla breeding. Based on the comprehensive F-value evaluation, 15 perilla germplasm resources with F values ≥1 and excellent comprehensive traits were selected. This study revealed that 348 Perilla germplasm resources from Guizhou have rich phenotypic genetic variation and diversity, and 13 specific germplasm resources were selected, which can provide a basis for precise and efficient breeding of Perilla and in-depth exploration of excellent genes.
    Phenotypic Differences in Alkaline Tolerance Among Japonica Rice Germplasm Resources from Different Geographical Origins
    Wei Xu, 金京花, 韩冰, Guoxiaohong, 韩龙植, 崔迪
    Available online:  May 25, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260305001
    [Abstract] (13) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.32 M] (1)
    Abstract:
    To investigate the effects of alkaline stress on leaf injury and seedling survival of japonica rice, and to clarify differences in alkaline tolerance among varieties from different geographic origins, a total of 437 japonica rice germplasm resources were evaluated for alkaline tolerance in an alkaline screening pool with a pH value of approximately 8.9 during 2016～2017, with repeated assessments conducted over two consecutive years. The dead leaf rate and dead seedling rate at the seedling stage were used as the primary indicators of alkaline tolerance. The results showed that both the dead leaf rate and dead seedling rate gradually increased with prolonged alkaline stress, and significant differences in alkaline tolerance were observed among different japonica varieties. The period of 15～25 days after alkaline stress treatment was identified as the critical stage for evaluating alkaline tolerance at the seedling stage, with higher phenotypic values, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation for dead leaf rate observed at 15 days, while those of dead seedling rate were higher at 25 days. Population-level analysis revealed a regional clustering pattern of alkaline tolerance, with japonica rice varieties from the northeastern rice-growing regions of China, particularly Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces, showing lower dead leaf rate and dead seedling rates and thus stronger alkaline tolerance at the seedling stage. Cluster analysis based on dead leaf rate and dead seedling rate further indicated that the genetic relationships among japonica rice varieties were related to geographical distance and latitude distribution of their origins. Additionally, 20 alkaline-tolerant japonica rice germplasm accessions, including Kongyu 131 and Jijing 105, were identified, providing valuable genetic resources for the improvement of japonica rice varieties adapted to saline–alkaline soils.
    Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis of Michelia macclurei in Southeastern Guangxi Based on Phenotypic Traits and Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
    LIU Jiazhe, LIANG Shiyao, SHEN Wenhui, ZHONG Yu, TAN Zhangqiang
    Available online:  May 25, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260320002
    [Abstract] (18) [HTML] (0) [PDF 686.07 K] (0)
    Abstract:
    A total of 120 superior trees of Michelia macclurei from five natural populations in southeastern Guangxi were used as experimental materials to investigate phenotypic variation, genetic diversity, and population genetic structure, and to identify trait-associated markers. Thirteen phenotypic traits were measured, and genotyping was performed using ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. A mixed linear model (MLM) was further used for association analysis. Significant geographic differentiation in phenotypic traits was observed among M. macclurei populations in southeastern Guangxi. The BL population showed significantly larger leaves and higher biomass, whereas the CW population showed higher malondialdehyde and proline contents, indicating stronger stress resistance. The YL and LW populations showed the most similar phenotypic characteristics. Molecular genetic analysis showed that M. macclurei germplasm resources in southeastern Guangxi possessed abundant genetic diversity, with a mean polymorphism information content of 0.62, although heterozygote deficiency was generally detected. Among the five populations, the YL population had the highest genetic diversity, whereas the high-altitude LW population had the lowest. The genetic differentiation coefficient among populations was 0.11, and gene flow reached 2.89, indicating frequent genetic exchange. Genetic structure analysis showed a complex genetic background among populations, and the BL and YL populations retained relatively independent genetic components. Association analysis detected five SSR loci significantly associated with phenotypic traits, with explained variation ranging from 6.87 percent to 18.90 percent. Among them, locus M23 showed significant pleiotropic effects. This study clarifies the genetic basis of M. macclurei in southeastern Guangxi. The identified associated loci, such as M23 and M25, provide a scientific basis for germplasm conservation and marker-assisted breeding of M. macclurei.
    Diversity Analysis of Leaf Phenology and Powdery Mildew Severity in 304 Wickham Germplasm Resources of Hevea brasiliensis during Winter and Spring
    li xiaoqin
    Available online:  May 25, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr20260427003
    [Abstract] (15) [HTML] (0) [PDF 952.22 K] (1)
    Abstract:
    A total of 304 Wickham germplasms of Hevea brasiliensis were used as materials to systematically investigate the genetic diversity of botanical traits, leaf phenological dynamics in winter and spring, and powdery mildew disease grades, and cluster analysis was conducted. This study aimed to screen elite germplasms with resistance or escape to powdery mildew, thereby providing theoretical basis and material support for disease-resistant breeding of H. brasiliensis. The results showed that the genetic diversity indices of 33 botanical traits ranged from 0.225 to 1.401, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of 12 quantitative leaf morphological traits varied from 1.657 to 2.218. The genetic diversity of quantitative traits was markedly higher than that of qualitative traits. The genetic diversity index of leaf phenology in winter and spring ranged from 0.851 to 1.697, reaching the highest on February 9 and February 22, and the lowest on April 3. The genetic diversity index of powdery mildew disease grade varied between 0.878 and 1.366, with the highest diversity observed on March 20, when 99% of the germplasm accessions were infected by powdery mildew. Correlation analysis between phenological traits and powdery mildew disease grade indicated that the copper-red to discoloration transition stage and the discoloration stage of leaves on March 5 were the critical susceptible periods. Leaf maturity showed a significantly strong negative correlation with powdery mildew disease grade at this stage (r=?0.48). It is recommended to regard this period as a crucial window for the prevention and control of powdery mildew. Based on phenological dynamics and powdery mildew grades, the 304 germplasms were divided into six clusters via cluster analysis. Among them, Cluster Ⅲ was characterized by early leaf abscission, while Cluster Ⅵ showed the latest leaf defoliation, both with relatively low disease grades. Combined with the growth dynamics of leaf phenological stages and the occurrence of rubber powdery mildew, five germplasm accessions including No. 21, No. 152, No. 166, No. 222 and No. 290 were screened out with the mildest disease susceptibility. This study clarified the phenotypic diversity of Wickham germplasms in H. brasiliensis and the correlation rules between phenology and powdery mildew occurrence, and identified superior disease-resistant and disease-escaping materials, which can provide important references for powdery mildew resistance breeding of H. brasiliensis.
    Core regulatory pathway and genes of soluble sugar accumulation in three growth period of Psathyrostachys juncea grass
    zhou chengmei, yun lan
    Available online:  May 25, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr20260403003
    [Abstract] (18) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.14 M] (1)
    Abstract:
    Psathyrostachys juncea is a perennial high-quality forage grass in northern China, which has the advantages of high resistance and high nutrition.Soluble sugar, as an important photosynthetic product, energy reserve substance and osmotic adjustment substance in plants, is not only involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress resistance, but also a key indicator to determine forage yield, palatability, energy level and feeding value.In this study, the leaves of Psathyrostachys juncea at different growth stages were used as experimental materials, and the soluble sugar content of leaves at regreening stage, booting stage and post-fruit nutrition stage was measured. The results showed that the soluble sugar content at booting stage was significantly higher than that at regreening stage and post-fruit nutrition stage.The differential expression genes ( DEGs ) were screened by transcriptome sequencing technology to compare and analyze the synthesis-related pathways of different soluble sugar content lines of Psathyrostachys juncea. The results showed that a total of 2830 DEGs were identified in three growth stages, including 351, 531 and 765 unique DEGs in regreening stage, booting stage and post-fruit nutrition stage, respectively, showing obvious growth stage-specific expression characteristics.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism-related pathways, among which Pentose phosphate pathway, Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis, Starch and sucrose metabolism, and Galactose metabolism were the core regulatory pathways. Seven core genes related to glucose metabolism, PGI1, PGI2, HXK1, PFK3, PFK7, FBA2 and PK, were screened out. These genes affect the activity of key enzymes through synergistic regulation or pathway-specific regulation, forming a differentiated soluble sugar accumulation model.The qRT-PCR validation further confirmed the consistency between the expression profiles of these genes and the transcriptome data.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of soluble sugar accumulation in Psathyrostachys juncea, and also provide candidate gene resources for the subsequent quality improvement of Psathyrostachys juncea and gramineous forage.
    Genome-wide Association Analysis of Soluble Sugar Content in Soybean Sprouts
    LI YanMing, wuxintong, chenqiang, liuzhi, shixiaolei, shiainong, chenxueping, yanlong, mengzikuo
    Available online:  May 22, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260311001
    [Abstract] (20) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.79 M] (8)
    Abstract:
    To systematically reveal the phenotypic distribution characteristics of soluble sugar content in soybean sprouts from improved soybean varieties in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and to deeply explore its genetic regulatory basis, this study utilized 188 improved soybean varieties from the region. The soluble sugar content in germinated soybean sprouts was accurately measured, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using high-quality SNP markers obtained through whole-genome resequencing. The results showed extensive phenotypic variation in the soluble sugar content of soybean sprouts among the improved varieties from the Huang-Huai-Hai region, with content ranging from 0.17 to 2.09 mg·g?1 and a coefficient of variation of 27.3%. This indicates substantial genetic diversity for this trait within the tested materials. A total of 41,029 high-quality SNP loci were obtained based on resequencing technology. Through GWAS analysis, five SNP loci significantly associated with soluble sugar content (?log??(P) ≥ 5.86) were identified across two years, distributed on chromosomes 2, 10, 12, 14, and 18, respectively. Furthermore, within the intervals of these five associated loci, 18 candidate genes were screened. Their functions are mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism pathways, such as gluconeogenesis and trehalose synthesis, as well as pathways related to cell wall synthesis. It was further found that the expression levels of four of these genes differed between materials with high and low soluble sugar content. Their functions were primarily enriched in carbohydrate metabolism pathways such as gluconeogenesis and trehalose synthesis, as well as pathways related to cell wall synthesis. This study clarified the phenotypic variation characteristics of soluble sugar content in soybean sprouts from the Huang-Huai-Hai region and identified key SNP loci and candidate genes regulating this trait. It provides important theoretical support and a practical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of soluble sugar synthesis in soybean sprouts, developing functional markers, and conducting marker-assisted breeding.
    Haplotype analysis of transcription factor OsWRKY70 in rice
    Yi chong fen, Guo hui, Hao liu gen, Wang zhen zhen, Zhang hong wei, Gan yu, Yang chun miao, Jiang jing wei, Xiang guan lun, Yang zhanlie
    Available online:  May 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260316003
    [Abstract] (46) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.78 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    OsWRKY70 is a key transcription factor in rice response to low-temperature stress. However, the genetic mechanism by which its natural variation regulates cold tolerance in rice remains unclear. This study analyzed the haplotype composition, population differentiation, and correlation with cold tolerance of the OsWRKY70 coding region based on 3K rice genomes project. The results showed that 26 SNPs exist in the OsWRKY70 coding region, constituting 9 haplotypes, among which Hap1 (56.54%) and Hap2 (42.24%) were the dominant haplotypes. Population genetic analysis showed significant differentiation of this gene between indica and japonica rice subspecies (Fst = 0.598). Hap1 was identified as the characteristic haplotype of indica rice (accounting for 83.10% of indica rice), while Hap2 was the characteristic haplotype of japonica rice (accounting for 98.71% of japonica rice). They contributed 99.98% of the population differentiation index, indicating that this locus is an important site for differentiation between indica and japonica rice. Geographical distribution analysis revealed that Hap1 is mainly distributed in tropical and southern subtropical regions, while Hap2 is more common in high-latitude, high-altitude areas and regions with frequent low temperatures. Cold tolerance phenotypic identification showed that the average survival rate of Hap2 (51.86%) was significantly higher than that of Hap1 (4.73%), indicating that Hap2 is a dominant cold tolerance haplotype, and this cold tolerance effect is more significant in the genetic context of japonica rice. This study clarified the association between natural variation in OsWRKY70 and differentiation between indica and japonica rice varieties, as well as cold tolerance. Five non-synonymous SNPs found between Hap2 and Hap1 provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of cold tolerance and the development of related molecular markers.
    Field Survey and Diversity Analysis of Wild Fagopyrum dibotrys Populations in Central and Northeastern Yunnan
    刘叶鸿, 朱剑锋, 王俊珍, 周美亮
    Available online:  May 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260414001
    [Abstract] (30) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.10 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    To fully understand the distribution and variation patterns of wild Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) Hara resources, this study conducted field investigations on seven wild populations collected from central and northeastern Yunnan, and performed a systematic diversity analysis based on phenotypic characteristics, secondary metabolites (flavonoids), and SSR molecular markers. The results showed that the distribution density and population size of Fagopyrum dibotrys were relatively high in northeastern Yunnan, while those in central Yunnan were low and scattered, which may be related to the high degree of industrialization in central Yunnan. Wild Fagopyrum dibotrys in this region exhibited abundant population variation and high plasticity in both phenotypic traits and secondary metabolite profiles. Genetic diversity analysis revealed that different populations possessed varied levels of genetic diversity. The expected heterozygosity (He) of these populations ranged from 0.1435 to 0.2735, and the Shannon"s information index (I) varied from 0.2060 to 0.3985. The Ludian population showed the highest genetic diversity, suggesting that it may represent a genetic diversity center of Fagopyrum dibotrys in central and northeastern Yunnan. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) among populations ranged from 0.0203 to 0.2006. The Zhaoyang population exhibited relatively strong genetic differentiation from other populations, which may be associated with the unique climate and geographical location of its distribution area.This study clarified the background diversity and population differentiation characteristics of wild Fagopyrum dibotrys in central and northeastern Yunnan, providing a scientific basis for the precise conservation and innovative utilization of this species.
    Genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of flax germplasm resources based on DUS test traits
    chencuiping
    Available online:  May 20, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260119004
    [Abstract] (26) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.24 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    To address the insufficient adaptability of the current guidelines in the Northwest Plateau region, this study investigates the genetic diversity analysis of flax germplasm resources based on DUS test traits and the screening of local standard flax varieties. The results show that the coefficient of variation of 14 quantitative traits of 285 flax germplasms varies from 4.91% 29.55%, and the Shannon-Weaver index ranges from 1.021 to 2.073. The Shannon-Weaver index of quality traits and pseudo-quality traits ranges from 0.225 to 0.991, indicating the rich genetic diversity of the selected flax varieties. Through analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, the 285 flax varieties can be divided into 6 categories at a Euclidean distance of 20.13 The principal component analysis shows that the cumulative contribution rate of the 7 extracted principal components reaches 74.502%, and finally 20 representative flax are screened out. This study provides new insights into the identification methods of flax germplasm resources and guides the regional selection of standard varieties in flax DUS tests. At same time, it provides a reference for the revision of China's flax DUS test guidelines by comparing the UPOV's flax DUS test guidelines.
    Effects of a 38-bp Insertion Variant in the ClCCT Promoter on Agronomic Traits in Adlay
    鲍结良, 闫翔, 龙赵波, 周涛, 杨建涛, 李祥栋, 周树峰, 郭超
    Available online:  May 19, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260119006
    [Abstract] (36) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.29 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    The major cultivated varieties of adlay generally exhibit late flowering and excessive plant height, which are important factors restricting their yield stability and adaptability. Previous studies have identified that a 38-bp insertion variation in the promoter region of ClCCT is a key genetic locus regulating flowering time and plant height. To clarify the application potential of this variation in breeding, this study analyzed its pleiotropic effects on flowering time, plant height, stem-leaf traits, and grain traits using near-isogenic lines (NILs), and conducted phenotypic verification and evaluation in a pyramiding breeding population. The results showed that in the NILs, the 38-bp insertion variation significantly promoted earlier flowering and reduced plant height, while also exerting regulatory effects on stem-leaf and grain traits. Among the 65 early-flowering and dwarf lines obtained from the pyramiding breeding population, the frequency of the insertion-type allele reached as high as 72.3%. Compared with the heterozygous/deletion lines, the insertion-type lines showed significantly advanced flowering time, while no significant differences were observed in plant height, stem-leaf traits, and grain traits, indicating that under complex genetic backgrounds, this variation primarily regulates flowering time with limited effects on other agronomic traits. Integrating data from both populations indicates that the regulatory effect of the 38-bp insertion variation on flowering time is stable across different genetic backgrounds. Moreover, owing to the ease of detection, this marker can serve as an efficient tool for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of flowering time in adlay.
    Opitimization of Genetic Transformation System of Common Bean
    Jiaying Yao, Cheng Yuan, Chang Yu Jie, Wang Chuang Yun, Wu Jing
    Available online:  May 19, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228004
    [Abstract] (42) [HTML] (0) [PDF 800.92 K] (0)
    Abstract:
    Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most widely consumed food legumes, playing a crucial role in improving and optimizing the dietary structure of residents. With the development of biotechnology, transgenic technology has become an important approach for breeding elite germplasm with high yield and strong stress resistance, while a stable genetic transformation system for common bean has not yet been established. In this study, Xiaobaido, a common bean germplasm with high regeneration ability, was used as the research material. Through single-factor experiments, the optimal genetic transformation conditions for the three stages of infection, differentiation and regeneration, and screening were clarified. Ultrasonic treatment of explants for 30 seconds significantly improved the Agrobacterium infection efficiency; the addition of asparagine and glutamine to the medium effectively enhanced the transformation success rate. Meanwhile, gradient experiments were conducted to determine the optimal concentrations of various medium components: 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) at 8 mg/L, adenine at 60 mg/L, inositol at 200 mg/L, allantoin at 20 mg/L, and sucrose at 90 mg/L, under which the explants exhibited the best regeneration status. A glufosinate concentration of 5.0 mg/L could effectively distinguish positive from negative transformed seedlings. The results of this study have important guiding significance and application value for establishing an efficient genetic transformation system for common bean.
    Genome-wide Identification of the SPFH Family in Wheat and Its Response to Stripe Rust Stress
    keke
    Available online:  May 06, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260129002
    [Abstract] (43) [HTML] (0) [PDF 6.52 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    Wheat is a globally important food crop, supporting the food security of approximately 30% of the world’s population. This study aims to systematically identify the SPFH family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), comprehensively analyze its sequence characteristics, protein structure, and response patterns to biotic stress, and reveal its potential biological functions in wheat stress resistance. By integrating genomic data from Arabidopsis thaliana, rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays) for comparative analysis, this study identified 60 SPFH family members at the whole-genome level in wheat and conducted a comprehensive analysis of their physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, cis-regulatory elements, phylogeny, synteny, and ability to form heterocomplexes. The research reveals that SPFH family proteins generally exhibit acidic and hydrophilic characteristics; gene structure analysis shows that the length and number of introns are similar within subfamilies, while significant heterogeneity in sequence length exists between subfamilies. Promoter analysis further reveals that this family is enriched with cis-regulatory elements associated with growth, development, and responses to multiple stresses. Evolutionary analysis based on phylogeny and structural modeling yielded highly consistent results, revealing structural conservation within subfamilies and a convergent evolutionary pattern across the family.Intraspecific and cross-species synteny analyses indicate that the family underwent translocation and gene expansion during polyploidization, with a general 1:3 orthologous ratio between monocots and wheat. Nucleotide diversity and heteropolymerization analysis highlight the extreme conservation of the TaHIR, TaSLP, and TaPHB subfamilies and predict the functional potential of most members to form stable heterocomplexes. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and qRT-PCR data reveals complex expression dynamics of SPFH family members under wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) stress：while transcript levels generally decreased at the macro-transcriptional level, key members were significantly upregulated in the susceptible material Avocet S. In summary, the SPFH family is highly conserved in evolution and sensitive to biotic stress responses. This study provides important candidate targets for elucidating molecular mechanisms of disease resistance in wheat and offers theoretical support for improving stress resistance in crops.
    Study on the Resistance Differences of Different Mulberry Germplasms to Ciboria shiraiana
    Cao Liying, Zheng Longyan, Yang Guang, Li Shaoheng, Wu Jiangting, Li Mengqi, Liu Li, Chao Nan
    Available online:  April 30, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260105004
    [Abstract] (52) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.26 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    The fruit mulberry industry is an important component of the diversified utilization of mulberry trees, and mulberry sclerotinia disease is one of the key factors restricting the development of this industry. Among these, hypertrophic sclerotinia disease, a common disease caused by Ciboria shiraiana, is widespread in major fruit-mulberry planting regions and poses a serious threat to the healthy development of the fruit-mulberry industry. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the resistance of mulberry germplasm resources to hypertrophic sclerotinia disease using Ciboria shiraiana as the inoculation pathogen. A total of 421 mulberry germplasms were collected from the National Mulberry Germplasm Repository (Zhenjiang) for indoor detached leaf identification, among which 284 high-yielding germplasms were further subjected to field identification. A five-level resistance evaluation standard was established using the relative resistance index (RI) combined with K-means cluster analysis. The effects of germplasm type, species, and geographical origin on resistance were analyzed, and the correlation between resistance and main fruit nutritional components was also investigated. The results showed extremely significant differences in resistance among the tested germplasms, with a coefficient of variation of 121.54 % for field diseased fruit rate and an indoor disease development rate ranging from 0.17 to 4.16 cm2/ d. The average disease development rate of wild germplasms (1.07 ± 0.81 cm2/d) was significantly lower than that of cultivated germplasms (1.69 ± 0.75 cm2/d) (p < 0.001), demonstrating stable and superior resistance. Among different mulberry species, Morus cathayana exhibited the strongest resistance, while Morus alba and Morus multicaulis were generally susceptible. Geographical origin had no significant effect on resistance (p = 0.421), indicating that resistance is primarily determined by genetic background. Ten high-yielding and highly resistant varieties, including ‘Zhongshen 3’ and ‘72C002’, were selected (diseased fruit rate < 2.58 %, disease development rate < 0.99 cm2/ d). No significant correlations were found between disease resistance and quality traits such as total flavonoids and anthocyanins; however, a weak negative correlation was observed between disease development rate and total soluble sugar content in susceptible germplasms (p< 0.05). This study established an RI-based resistance evaluation system for mulberry germplasm, clarified the resistance differences among germplasms, and identified elite resistant sources, providing important references for disease-resistant breeding, rational germplasm deployment, and further research on resistance mechanisms.
    Diversity Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Wild Jujube Germplasm Resources in Qingjian, Northern Shaanxi
    CHEN Ruihong, XIE Bingqian, Wang Lele, WEI qian, LIU Xudong, Huang jian
    Available online:  April 30, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260125001
    [Abstract] (81) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.33 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    The study utilized 76 wild sour jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa) germplasm resources from Qingjian, northern Shaanxi, as experimental materials. Fruit external phenotypes, nutritional quality traits and kernel medicinal components were analyzed for genetic diversity, correlation, principal components and Grey Relational Analysis(GRA), aiming to select superior individuals and provide a reference for the conservation of wild sour jujube germplasm and the mining of exceptional accessions.The results showed that the 15 quantitative fruit phenotypic traits were highly variable, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 7.04 % to 47.86 %. Single-fruit mass and single-stone mass displayed the greatest variation, whereas the coefficients of variation for edible-rate was the lowest (7.04 %). Stone width and stone length exhibited the highest Shannon–Weaver diversity indices(H′), reaching 1.867 and 1.838, respectively. Among the five fruit nutritional traits, the sugar-acid ratio showed the highest CV to 89.70 %, and the H′ indices of titratable acid, soluble solids and vitamin C all exceeded 1.50, indicating a high level of genetic diversity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints of kernel Pharmacodynamic components were successfully established for 61 Qingjian sour jujube resources. Four pharmacodynamic compounds were quantified, revealing significant differences among individual plants. Jujuboside B exhibited the greatest variation (CV=68.16 %), whereas jujuboside A registered the highest H′ index (1.374). These findings demonstrate that both fruit nutritional quality and kernel medicinal composition in the tested wild sour jujube vary widely and display abundant diversity. Principal-component analysis condensed the 24 fruit related traits into seven factors that collectively explained 72.59 % of the total variance, representing core aspects of fruit morphology, nutritional quality, kernel morphology and medicinal constituents. Using a combination of the entropy weight method and grey relational analysis（GRA） for comprehensive evaluation, three wild jujube germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive traits were screened for fresh consumption and three for seed kernel medicinal use, respectively. This provides high-quality germplasm for fresh-fruit breeding programmes and the development of kernel pharmacodynamic sour jujube resources.
    Domestication and Utilization of Wild Relatives of Foxtail Millet
    殷得程, 付海霖, 张林林, 智慧, 贾冠清, 刁现民, 汤沙
    Available online:  April 30, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228005
    [Abstract] (73) [HTML] (0) [PDF 661.28 K] (2)
    Abstract:
    Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a major C4 minor cereal crop in northern China, characterized by strong adaptability such as drought and poor-soil tolerance. Its wild relatives harbor abundant genetic diversity and constitute an important gene pool for broadening the genetic base of cultivated foxtail millet and for breeding new cultivars with improved stress tolerance, high yield, and superior quality. This review focuses on the domestication and utilization of foxtail millet and its wild relatives. By integrating archaeological and genetic evidence, we summarize the origin and domestication trajectory of foxtail millet in northern China and highlight the evolution of key domestication-related traits. From a taxonomic perspective, we synthesize recent progress in both traditional morphology and molecular phylogenetics, and summarize the classification of genome types within the genus Setaria and its value for resolving phylogenetic relationships among related taxa. We further compile the current status of germplasm conservation and the current status of germplasm conservation and utilization of foxtail millet and its wild relatives, noting that China has an advantage in the overall number of conserved foxtail millet accessions, whereas the international coverage of the resources, as well as the representativeness and depth of characterization for wild relatives still need to be strengthened. Finally, we discuss their potential applications in germplasm innovation and breeding, in light of advances in genetic linkage maps/QTL mapping and GWAS, studies on stress tolerance and quality traits, and developments in transformation systems, genome editing, and molecular breeding. This review provides a reference for the systematic mining and efficient utilization of wild relative resources in foxtail millet.
    Analysis of genetic diversity of agronomic traits and characteristic of Baijiu-making quality of sorghum landrace in Chishui River Valley
    茂星 姚, 袁熙, 杨玉宁, 陈星宇, 袁小波, 张帅, 黄渺, 邓扬, 陈玉彬
    Available online:  April 29, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260115001
    [Abstract] (53) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.98 M] (22)
    Abstract:
    The Chishui River Basin is one of the core producing areas of high-quality sorghum in China, and strengthening the research on its germplasm resources is of great significance to steadily improve the quality of brewing. This study investigated important agronomic traits such as plant height, ear length, stem diameter, ear type, hull color type, ear grain weight, 1000-grain weight, etc. of 421 local sorghum germplasm resources and starch, tannin, protein, fat and other important components affecting Baijiu quality of 197 germplasm resources were investigated and analyzed. The distribution laws, diversity indices, and phenotypic cluster characteristics of the key traits and Baijiu-making quality were analyzed. The results indicated that genetic diversity indices for key traits and Baijiu-making quality were relatively low overall, while glume color and glume color at flowering stage exhibited higher diversity indices. The genetic diversity index of different quantitative characters ranged from 1.7470 to 2.0432, with an average of 1.9344. The average contents of total starch, amylose, fat, protein and tannin were 65.61%, 9.27%, 4.41%, 9.50% and 1.41%, respectively. Diversity indices for quality traits ranked as follows: amylose content > fat content > protein content > total starch content > tannin content. Grain weight per head contributed the most to the principal component, followed by panicle length and first-order branch length. Cluster analysis of agronomic characters showed that the germplasm could be divided into 3 groups, including 94 in group I, 104 in group II and 223 in group III. The quality characteristics of brewing sorghum were characterized by high total starch content and moderate tannin content.
    Genome Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the NAC Gene Family in Cabbage
    王敏, 陈锦秀, 薄天岳, 杜子龙, 顾大国, 朱晓炜
    Available online:  April 22, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260130001
    [Abstract] (80) [HTML] (0) [PDF 4.60 M] (4)
    Abstract:
    NAC transcription factor is one of the largest gene families in plants, playing a critical role in plant growth, development and stress response. The NAC transcription factor family in cabbage was systematically identified and the expression features of its members in various tissues and organs, and under high temperature stress were analyzed, thus providing a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of this gene family under stress condition in cabbage. NAC proteins in cabbage were screened using HMMER software and validated by the InterPro and NCBI-CD Search online websites. The physicochemical properties, chromosome distribution, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationships of NAC gene family members in cabbage were analyzed by using tools such as ProtParam, TBtools, MEME and MEGA. Meanwhile, the expression patterns of cabbage NAC genes under different tissues and high temperature stress were examined based on transcriptomic data and quantitative real-time PCR. The subcellular localization of the BoNAC36 protein was analyzed using a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The 204 BoNAC genes were identified from the cabbage genome. The amino acid lengths ranged from 154 to 855 amino acids, with molecular weights ranging from 17.75 to 95.18kD, and isoelectric points between 4.33 and 9.83. The 204 BoNAC genes were unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes, with the highest number of genes located on chromosome 5. Bsaed on the the Arabidopsis NAC gene grouping method, BoNAC genes were divided into 16 subgroups, with members within the same subgroup exhibiting similarities in both conserved motifs and gene structures. The promoter regions of BoNAC genes contained multiple cis-acting elements related to light response, hormone response, stress response, and growth regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that genes highly expressed in roots belonged to the TIP and ATAF subgroups. The BoNAC36, BoNAC41, BoNAC69 and BoNAC111 genes were significantly expressed under high temperature stress treatment. Subcellular localization results indicated that BoNAC36 was localized in the nucleus. This study provides important data support for the in-depth analysis of the function of BoNAC genes in cabbage.
    Identification of the SUS Gene Family in Lycium barbarum and Its Relationship with Sugar Metabolism
    YIN Yue, ZHANG Xiyan, BAI Xiaorong, MI Jia, Qin Xiaoya, HE Xinru, AN Wei
    Available online:  April 22, 2026
    [Abstract] (76) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.30 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    Sucrose synthase (SUS) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in the response to abiotic stress and the formation of plant quality. To explore the effect of LbaSUS expression on soluble sugar accumulation in fruits, the members of the LbaSUS gene family were identified using bioinformatic tools. The physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, phylogeny and collinearity were analyzed. The correlation between the expression of the LbaSUS genes and soluble sugar content was analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) combined with the dynamic changes in sucrose content during fruit development. In total, six LbaSUS genes were identified based on Lycium barbarum genome, encoding proteins ranging from 739 to 918 amino acids, which were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and unevenly distributed across five chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the LbaSUS gene family members were clustered into three subgroups, namely SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, and members within each subgroup shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Additionally, a large number of cis-acting elements associated with plant growth and development, hormone response and stress tolerance were detected in the LbaSUS family members. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of LbaSUS1, LbaSUS5 and LbaSUS6 gradually decreased with fruit ripening. The expression of LbaSUS2 and LbaSUS3 increased initially and then declined. The expression of LbaSUS4 showed no significant change. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that LbaSUS3 protein is localized in the chloroplast. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the expression level of LbaSUS3 and sucrose content. Collectively, these findings lay a foundation for further functional studies of SUS genes in Lycium barbarum.
    Analysis of phenotypic genetic diversity of inflorescence traits in 198 Macadamia spp. germplasm accessions
    LI Yang, MA Jing, GONG Lidan, LONG Qingyi, WU Chao, LI Tingyu, GENG Jianjian, ZI Nanhua, HUANG Niya, LUO Yong, TAO Liang, HE Haining
    Available online:  April 22, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260203004
    [Abstract] (64) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.52 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    In this study, 14 inflorescence phenotypic traits were measured in 198 Macadamia (Macadamia spp.) germplasms. Methods including genetic diversity index, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis were employed to systematically evaluate the genetic diversity of inflorescence phenotypic traits and characterize the inflorescence performance of different germplasm groups. The results showed that the genetic diversity indices of four qualitative traits ranged from 0.073 (peduncle color) to 1.436 (floret opening order). For the ten quantitative traits, the genetic diversity indices ranged from 1.914 to 2.081; moreover, all quantitative traits except for corolla diameter and floret density were distributed across grades 1 to 10, indicating rich genetic diversity. Correlation analysis revealed significant or highly significant correlations between most quantitative traits, except for three specific pairs: pedicel length and peduncle thickness, corolla diameter and pedicel length, and inflorescence density and peduncle diameter. Four principal components were extracted via PCA, with a cumulative contribution rate of 81.861%. Based on PCA scores, the germplasms were categorized into six clusters: long inflorescence-small flower type, few-large flower type, short inflorescence-small flower type, short inflorescence-large flower type, long-many flower type, and short-many flower type. Further comparison between Chinese provenances germplasms and Australian and Hawaiian provenances germplasms using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that corolla diameter was a common differential trait, indicating that Chinese macadamia germplasms have undergone certain phenotypic differentiation in inflorescence. This study provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation of macadamia germplasm resources and the selection and breeding of pollinator varieties.
    Conservation and Utilization of Crop Germplasm Resources: Trends and Prospects
    LI Yu, LI Chunhui, XIN Xia, WU Jing
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260401001
    [Abstract] (115) [HTML] (0) [PDF 634.94 K] (6)
    Abstract:
    Crop germplasm resources are not only critical to breaking through current bottlenecks in breeding and the development of the seed industry, but also vital to the sustainable and high-quality survival of future generations. The cause of crop germplasm resources is a long-chain systematic undertaking with public welfare and strategic significance. A review of the international development of crop germplasm resources reveals the following trends: germplasm collecting is moving toward diversified gap-filling development; germplasm conservation is advancing toward multi-dimensional and secure management; germplasm characterization is upgrading to large-scale and precise evaluation; germplasm enhancement are expanding toward targeted and diversified approaches; basic research is progressing toward in-depth and interdisciplinary exploration; and germplasm sharing are extending toward standardized and regulated practices. On this basis, this paper puts forward the priorities and development directions for the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources in China in the future.
    Research on the Genetic Diversity of Green Chrysanthemum Germplasm Resources Using Phenotypic Traits and SSR Markers
    YANG You-da, YANG Qing, YAN Can, ZHANG Xin-rui, GENG Zi-meng, MENG Qing-rui
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260221002
    [Abstract] (57) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.18 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    To understand the genetic diversity among different green chrysanthemum varieties and provide theoretical support for the future breeding and improvement of green chrysanthemum varieties, this study conducted a genetic diversity research on 61 green chrysanthemum varieties through phenotypic traits and SSR molecular markers. The results showed that the 61 green chrysanthemum varieties had rich genetic variations both morphologically and at the molecular level. The coefficient of variation of 10 quantitative traits ranged from 12.01% to 168.34%, and the diversity index was between 1.35 and 2.05. The diversity index of 20 qualitative traits ranged from 0 to 1.40, with 16 phenotypic traits having a diversity index greater than 1, mainly concentrated on the morphology of the flower. Principal component analysis extracted 8 principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 75.138%. 20 principal component indicators such as leaf length, leaf width, and head diameter were selected as important bases for the morphological classification of green chrysanthemums. At an Euclidean distance of 20.0, the test materials could be divided into 3 major categories. 12 pairs of primers were selected from 89 pairs of primers, and a total of 59 clear bands were obtained, with 50 polymorphic bands, and the polymorphic band percentage was 84.75%. At a genetic distance of 0.4, all materials could be divided into 4 categories. A total of 61 chrysanthemum cultivars were completely discriminated using six out of twelve SSR primer pairs, and an SSR marker fingerprint of green chrysanthemum germplasm resources was subsequently constructed. The standards for morphological clustering and molecular clustering were more inclined to the presence or absence of secondary colors of ligulate florets, the type of capitulum, and the type of flower center. This study can provide theoretical references for the classification and identification, genetic variation, and variety breeding and improvement of green chrysanthemums.
    The genetic mapping of a novel major locus, qRfg3.03, conferring to the resistance of stalk rot in maize
    WANG Yufei, ZHANG Dengfeng, LIU Xuyang, LI Zhenju, HE Guanhua, SHI Yunsu, LI Yu, LI Chunhui, LI Huiyong, WANG Tianyu, YANG Deguang, LI Yongxiang
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260226002
    [Abstract] (95) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.15 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    Maize stalk rot is a major disease prevalent across major corn production regions in China, posing a significant threat to both yield and grain quality. Therefore, the identification of elite germplasm and underlying gene resources for stalk rot resistance is of great significance. In this study, through large-scale phenotyping of germplasm, we identified an elite maize inbred line, CNH3323, which showed high resistance to maize stalk rot. Using it as the resistant parent, we developed two segregating populations, one comprising 280 F2:3 families and another comprising 410 doubled haploid (DH) lines. The phenotypic evaluations for stalk rot resistance were conducted for two segregating populations under both natural infection and artificial inoculation conditions across two locations over two years. Based on the genotyping of segregating populations and the construction of linkage maps, QTL mapping for maize stalk rot resistance was performed. The results showed that a total of 24 QTLs associated with stalk rot resistance were detected across different environments, distributed on eight chromosomes except for chromosomes 5 and 8. Notably, an environment stable QTL with major-effect, designated as qRfg3.03, was consistently mapped to the bin3.03 region on chromosome 3 using different populations, which explained up to 30.36% of the phenotypic variance. This study provides important candidate loci for the genetic dissection of maize stalk rot resistance and also offers valuable gene resources for maize improvement and the breeding for the resistant to stalk rot, which holds significant theoretical research and practical application value.
    Standard Technical Regulations for Identifying and Selecting Rice Varieties with Strong Ratooning Ability and higher to Rolling Tolerance
    巫军 张, YAO Xiong, LIANG Zimeng, DU Bin, LU Jian, LI Jingyong, LIU Qiangming, TANG Yongqun
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260209001
    [Abstract] (76) [HTML] (0) [PDF 430.78 K] (3)
    Abstract:
    Ratooning ability is an important agronomic trait for rice varieties. Rolling tolerance reflects the resilience size of rice stubble after the main crop harvested by machine. Accurately selecting rice varieties with high rolling tolerance and strong ratooning ability is crucial for the mechanisation of the whole rice production process. However, in ratoon rice production, the rolling tolerance and ratooning ability are differed largerly among different rice varieties, and also, there is a lack of annual high-yielding ratoon rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting. Consequently, these factors led to low and unstable ratoon rice yields under the mechanisation of the whole rice production process. Addressing this issue, based on several years of field experiments, this paper observed the pushing resistance, ratooning ability , and comprehensive resistance among different rice varieties, and further comprehensively summarized the technical methods and operational processes for evaluating the rolling tolerance and strong ratooning ability of ratoon rice varieties. . This paper formulated technical specifications covering field planting, measurement methods, evaluation methods, and determination rules for mechanically harvested ratoon rice, clarifying the technical standards for suitable ratoon rice selection. The aim is to provide standardized technical support for the precise selection of annual high-yield ratoon rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting and the identification of related germplasm resources. This protocol is applicable to the selection and evaluation of mechanically harvested ratoon rice varieties in Chongqing and similar ecological regions upstream of the Yangtze River.
    The Role of Xylan Synthase-Associated Gene IRX10 in Cadmium Accumulation in Rice
    Dang Zhengjun, Yang Xiao, Tian Fuhao, Li Fengcheng, Chen Wenfu
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260110002
    [Abstract] (115) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.54 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    To address the food safety risks posed by cadmium contamination in rice, this study aims to elucidate the role of the cell wall-related gene IRX10 in cadmium uptake and distribution in rice, and to evaluate its application value as a target for low-cadmium breeding. By constructing gene editing materials and conducting cadmium treatment experiments, the content of cadmium and its distribution characteristics in different tissues were determined. Combined with gene expression and cell wall component analysis, the regulatory mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that IRX10 exhibits distinct expression patterns in different tissues. Its promoter region is enriched with elements related to metal and stress responses, indicating its role in metal stress responses. Cadmium treatment during the seedling stage indicated a significant reduction in cadmium accumulation in roots and shoots, but phenotypic differences were not pronounced. Under cadmium stress conditions, cadmium content in brown rice was significantly decreased, while cadmium content in the hull was significantly increased. By comparison, there was no significant alteration in the zinc level in brown rice and hull of irx10 compared to that in wild-type. Furthermore, the expression of cadmium-related genes was changed in multiple tissues in the mutant, leading to reduced cadmium loading towards the grain and enhanced cadmium enrichment in the hull. Moreover, the altered hemicellulose in irx10 hull exhibited enhanced Cd-fixing capacity. Natural variation analysis identified advantageous haplotypes associated with low cadmium accumulation. Therefore, the loss of IRX10 function can reduce cadmium accumulation in brown rice without significant alteration in zinc content by retaining more cadmium in the hull, which offers a new candidate gene for breeding low-cadmium rice.
    Screening of germplasm accession indicators for high photosynthetic efficiency spring rapeseed in Brassica napus L.
    Ye Jingxiu
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260124001
    [Abstract] (80) [HTML] (0) [PDF 561.90 K] (0)
    Abstract:
    The precise identification and efficient screening of high photosynthetic efficiency germplasm resources are critical steps to break through the bottleneck of crop photosynthetic efficiency, providing scientific basis for constructing a high-quality photosynthetic germplasm resource library. Therefore, the development of high photosynthetic efficiency Brassica napus and the establishment of an identification and screening index system under field conditions are important foundations for conducting high photosynthetic efficiency research. This study utilized methods such as "microspore culture/conventional breeding techniques + molecular marker assisted selection + rapid generation" to create high photosynthetic efficiency germplasm and doubled haploid (DH) populations, as well as some conventional varieties and hybrids as experimental materials. Field experiments were were conducted to measure 15 traits, including chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, grain yield, and aboveground biomass, across 84 test materials. These traits were evaluated through field measurements and laboratory examinations, combined with molecular marker analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and integrated assessments of photosynthetic and agronomic traits. The results showed significant differences in chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate between different genotypes; There is a highly significant positive correlation among chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, grain yield, and aboveground biomass. Cluster analysis was conducted on the four traits with high correlation coefficients, and the clustering results were consistent with the molecular marker typing results. In summary, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, grain yield, and aboveground biomass can be important indicators for screening high-efficiency germplasm.
    Genome-wide Association Analysis of Drought Resistance-related Traits in Wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Introgression Line
    李林影, 王子豪, 冯苗苗, 乔麟轶, 张树伟, 郭慧娟, 陈芳, 李欣, 张晓军, 常利芳
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10 .13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260206002
    [Abstract] (80) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.32 M] (4)
    Abstract:
    Drought is one of the most critical abiotic stress factors affecting wheat yield.To identify the key drought-resistant loci and candidate genes in wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium introgression lines, 180 wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium introgression lines were used as materials in the study. Based on the previous drought tolerance identification at the germination stage, 15 drought tolerance related traits were taken as phenotypes combined with genotyping using wheat 55K SNP array, a mixed linear model(PCA+K) was employed for genome-wide association analysis to detect SNPs significantly associated with drought tolerance traits. Candidate gene prediction and haplotype analysis were further conducted for significant loci.The results showed that all the 15 drought-related traits exhibited extensive phenotypic variation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 4.22%-28.53%. Correlation analysis revealed significant or highly significant correlations among the 15 drought-related traits, and the frequency distribution of each trait followed a normal or skewed normal distribution. A total of 69 SNPs significantly associated with drought tolerance traits were detected by genome-wide association analysis with the threshold P≤0.001. Among these, 36 important SNP loci or segments were identified, including cluster-distributed loci, pleiotropic loci, and major-effect loci, which were distributed arcoss 17 chromosomes such as 1A, 1B, 2Aand 2B, explaining 6.20%-12.00% of the phenotypic variation. Comparative analysis indicated that 11 of these were previously unreported drought-resistant loci. A total of 125 candidate genes related to wheat drought tolerance were identified, encoding LEA proteins, rapid alkalinization factor 1, basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, calcium-binding proteins, zinc-transporting ATPases, lysine 63-specific deubiquitinase BRCC3, and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases and other related proteins. Haplotype analysis revealed significant differences in drought tolerance phenotypes among different haplotypes of the 21 candidate genes, indicating that these genes could be important candidate genes for drought tolerance.
    Molecular Mechanism of LTN4 in Regulating Tiller Number in Rice
    张潇月, ZHANG Qi, WANG Xiaoxue
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260129003
    [Abstract] (105) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.40 M] (2)
    Abstract:
    Abstract: Against the background of global population growth and increasing pressure on arable land resources, enhancing crop yield per unit area has become a critical objective in agricultural research. As one of the world’s staple food crops, rice yield directly impacts food security. Tiller number is one of the key factors determining the yield of rice, as it directly influences the number of effective panicles. In this study, using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis in the background of the japonica rice cultivar Shennong 9816 , induced a rice mutant with reduced tiller number, designated less tiller number 4-1 (ltn4-1), was obtained. Through map-based cloning, the target gene was localized to a 106 kb region between markers G5-10A2a and SN5-1 on chromosome 5. In addition to decreased tiller number, mutation in LTN4 affected leaf width. The ltn4-1 mutant exhibited significantly widened leaves and bulging leaf veins. The number of large vascular bundles and small vascular bundles between large ones in the flag leaf, second uppermost leaf, and third uppermost leaf, were markedly increased in the mutant. Additionally, both the cell number of cells surrounding the vascular bundles were significantly increased in ltn4-1 , and the cell area was enlarged. Agronomic trait analysis revealed that the single panicle weight and tiller number of ltn4-1 were significantly lower than those of the wild type. Furthermore, transcriptome high-throughput sequencing and real-time quantitative RT-PCR results indicated that among the differentially expressed genes between the wild type and the mutant, the expression of 14 known genes associated with leaf width and tiller number regulation, including THIS1, were altered.
    Quality Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Amino Acids in 253 Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Germplasm Resources
    李碧聪, 杨晨, 余进, 余小花, 任海燕, zhaoailing, xuexiaofang, 石美娟, 苏万龙, 刘丽, 王永康, 李登科, 李毅
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260202001
    [Abstract] (56) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.15 M] (0)
    Abstract:
    Abstract: The contents of free and hydrolyzed amino acids in jujube fruits were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with 253 samples of crisp ripening stage fruits from the National Jujube Germplasm Nursery as the research object. Subsequently, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, comprehensive scoring, and cluster analysis were performed to systematically characterize the variations in 17 amino acids indices across different jujube cultivars. The results showed that: (1) A total of 17 amino acids were identified in all samples, including 7 essential amino acids (hydrolyzed fraction: 19.86-222.80 mg/100 g; free fraction: 0.99-43.79 mg/100 g) and 10 non-essential amino acids (hydrolyzed fraction: 41.85-814.58 mg/100 g; free fraction: 39.15-402.00 mg/100 g). Proline had the highest content, which was 2.6-54.8 times that of each of the other amino acids. Among hydrolyzed amino acids, 11 amino acids (histidine, arginine, glycine, aspartic acid, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine) showed a normal distribution across different germplasms. For free amino acids, 7 amino acids (serine, arginine, glycine, aspartic acid, alanine, lysine, and leucine) also presented a normal distribution among different germplasms. (2) The content of medicinal amino acids in hydrolyzed amino acids ranged from 25.34-496.24 mg/100 g, with aspartic being the most abundant component. (3) The content of medicinal amino acids in free amino acids varied from 3.96-45.98 mg/100 g, and arginine was the most abundant one. In terms of taste-active amino acids, their contents were ranked in the descending order as follows: sweet-type > bitter-type > umami-type > aromatic-type. (4) Correlation analysis results showed that there were correlations among different amino acid components in jujube fruits, and a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) was found between most pairs of amino acids. (5) Based on principal component analysis and comprehensive scoring: four principal components were extracted from hydrolyzed amino acids, with a cumulative contribution rate of 81.742%; the top 10 high-quality germplasms with the highest comprehensive scores were Heyang Linglingzao, Tianjin Damayazao, Yuci Tuanzao, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Suanzao) 2, Suanzao 4, Lejin No. 4, Baode Youzao, Liaocheng Yuanlingzao, Linxian Dasuanzao and Taigu Shenglizao. Five principal components were extracted from free amino acids, with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.622%; the top 10 high-quality germplasms in terms of comprehensive scores were Suanzao 4, Suanzao 1, Xinjiang Xiaoyuanzao, Suanzao 10, Linyi Lizao, Zhongyang Muzao, Qianling Dazao, Hami Dazao, Yongji Hamazao and Ershijia Dazao. (6) The K-means clustering algorithm was used to classify 253 jujube germplasms into three groups with significant differences. The results of this study can provide a basis for the breeding of jujube germplasms with an optimal amino acid composition and the deep processing of such germplasms.
    Genetic Diversity Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of 481 Naked Oat Germplasm Resources Based on Main Agronomic Traits
    long shuai , long zi wen, shi tian qi, dong zi yuan, wang rui, wang chuang yun, liu long long, qin li xia
    Available online:  April 21, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260302002
    [Abstract] (68) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.76 M] (4)
    Abstract:
    In order to systematically analyze the genetic diversity of naked oat germplasm resources and screen excellent breeding materials, 26 agronomic and phenological traits related to the growth period of 481 naked oat germplasm were compared and analyzed for genetic variation, and the genetic differentiation patterns of agronomic traits were clarified through variation degree analysis and genetic diversity parameter evaluation, while a comprehensive evaluation system for naked oat germplasm resources was established by adopting the combined method of principal component analysis and cluster analysis.The results showed that the tested naked oat germplasm accessions exhibited extensive genetic variation in the investigated agronomic traits, with an overall high level of genetic diversity. Among the qualitative traits, spike type had the highest genetic diversity (0.9167); while among the quantitative traits, puncture strength ranked first in terms of genetic diversity index (2.0663), followed by plant height (2.0644)，and the effective tiller number had the largest coefficient of variation (65.26%). A total of 5 principal components were identified via principal component analysis, with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.928%. These components incorporated 17 agronomic traits, namely plant height, spike length, number of effective tillers, number of spikelets per main panicle, number of grains per main spike, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, number of spikes per plant, number of leaves on main stem, number of spike whorls, number of spikelets per main spike, compressive strength, bending performance, puncture strength, flag leaf length, flag leaf width and stem thickness. Based on cluster analysis, the 481 naked oat (Avena nuda L.) accessions were classified into 4 major clusters, and one specific outlier germplasm with a significantly distant genetic relationship was simultaneously identified. Group Ⅱ can serve as elite parental materials for high-yield breeding; Group Ⅲ as fundamental germplasm resources for broad-adaptability breeding; Group Ⅴas parental lines with strong tillering ability. Sixty-seven elite germplasm accessions with outstanding comprehensive traits were screened out, providing precise parental support for the directional breeding of naked oat.
    Transcriptomic Analysis of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Biosynthesis During Quinoa Seed Germination
    Boxiang Wei, 张敏
    Available online:  March 23, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20251227001
    [Abstract] (73) [HTML] (0) [PDF 980.21 K] (9)
    Abstract:
    Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a nutritionally complete pseudocereal containing all essential amino acids required by humans. To investigate the accumulation mechanism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during quinoa germination, we used quinoa cultivar M059 as experimental material, determined GABA contents at 12 h and 24 h of germination, and compared transcriptomic differences between these two time points.The results showed that the GABA content reached a peak of 24.47 μg/g at 24 h of germination, which was 2.27-fold higher than that at 12 h. Transcriptome analysis identified 1146 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 913 up-regulated genes and 233 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment analysis indicated 19 GO pathways closely related to GABA synthesis during germination. KEGG pathway analysis identified six metabolic pathways associated with GABA synthesis, among which the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (ko00250) and arginine and proline metabolism (ko00330) pathways were highlighted as the core regulatory routes.The expression levels of the key genes CqGAD (LOC110718614) and CqALDH3H1 (LOC110709762) were up-regulated by 1.9-fold and 1.1-fold, respectively. Transcription factor analysis identified potential transcriptional regulatory relationships of key genes: CqSPL8 (r=0.77), CqWRKY24 (r=0.91), and CqWRKY6 (r=0.97) positively regulate CqGAD, while CqHSFC1 (r=-0.97) negatively regulates CqGAD. For CqALDH3H1, CqERF091 (r=0.89), CqWRKY24 (r=0.88), and CqTGA9 (r=0.91) positively regulate its expression, while CqABI4 (r=-0.91) negatively regulates it. Notably, CqWRKY24 serves as a common regulatory factor that positively regulates both CqGAD and CqALDH3H1. qRT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of CqSPL8(LOC110714232), CqWRKY6(LOC110720931), CqHSFC1(LOC110691034), CqERF091(LOC110693708), CqWRKY24(LOC110730454), CqTGA9(LOC110684250) and CqABI4(LOC110699305) were consistent with the transcriptome data.This study demonstrated that the efficient accumulation of GABA during quinoa germination is the result of the synergistic effect of the GAD-catalyzed glutamate pathway and the ALDH-mediated polyamine degradation pathway, and WRKY family transcription factors play a key regulatory role. The findings provide a valuable reference for elucidating the key metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying GABA accumulation during quinoa germination.
    Formation and Development of Crop Germplasmics
    刘旭, 黎裕, 李立会, 贾继增
    Available online:  March 17, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260304002
    [Abstract] (75) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1014.91 K] (14)
    Abstract:
    The origin and development of agriculture depend on the discovery and utilization of elite crop germplasm resources. Crop germplasmics is a discipline that studies the diversity and utilization of crops and their wild relatives. Darwin’s theories of evolution and genetic variation, as well as de Candolle’s theory of the origin of cultivated plants, laid the groundwork for the emergence of crop germplasm resources as a field of study. Vavilov’s center-of-origin theory and the law of homologous series in genetic variation, and the global collecting of germplasm resources by European and American scientists fostered the initial growth of the discipline. Advances in germplasm conservation, information management, and molecular identification have further driven its continuous development. Entering the 21st century, crop germplasm resources research has entered a new prosperous stage featuring comprehensive conservation and shared utilization, precision characterization and germplasm enhancement, and large-scale gene mining. The theoretical connotation of crop germplasmics has been continuously enriched, and its technical system has been steadily improved, providing strong scientific and technological support for global food security and the sustainable development of agriculture.
    Status, Conservation, and Utilization of Wheat and its Wild Relatives
    Jian Guo-Yan, ZHANG Fu-Min, XU Chao, ZHANG Jin-Bo, GE Song, SUN Hai-Qin
    Available online:  February 28, 2026 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250703001
    [Abstract] (123) [HTML] (0) [PDF 872.22 K] (35)
    Abstract:
    Wheat wild relatives harbour rich genetic variations accumulated through natural evolution. These relatives serve as reservoirs of resistance genes against environmental stressors and vital genetic resources for breeding high-yield, high-quality wheat varieties. However, due to long-term breeding practices prioritizing yield-related traits and technical barriers in distant hybridization, modern wheat cultivars exhibit a narrow genetic base, leaving numerous valuable genes in wild relatives underutilized. Meanwhile, threats such as anthropogenic disturbances, habitat degradation and climate change have led to severe population decline or even extinction of some wild relatives, risking permanent loss of their unique genetic resources. Strengthened conservation effort (especially in situ) are therefore urgently needed. This review systematically examines the taxonomy, geographic distribution of wheat wild relatives, and the domestication history of wheat; summarizes utilization of wild relatives in genetic improvement; critically analyses current genetic diversity, conservation.
    Research Progress of Mining Disease-resistant Genes in Elytrigia and Their Breeding Applications
    Fan Xinyue, Li Ruotong, Hu Xinyue, Zhou Qi, Qi Tongfei, Lei Yao, Wang Yunxiang, Tong Chunyan, Li Xingfeng, Bao Yinguang, Yang Guotang
    Available online:  December 26, 2025 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250919003
    [Abstract] (201) [HTML] (0) [PDF 524.84 K] (76)
    Abstract:
    The genus Elytrigia (Thinopyrum) exhibit outstanding disease resistance and serve as important members of the tertiary gene pool of wheat. The exploration and application of disease-resistant genes from Elytrigia have provided critical support for the wheat improvement in disease resistance. As early as the 1920s, reports on distant hybridization between wheat and Elytrigia emerged. Over the past century, numerous disease-resistant genes have been identified in Elytrigia species and multiple disease-resistant germplasms have been developed by distant hybridization and molecular chromosome engineering and breeding of high-yielding and disease-resistant cultivars such as "Xiaoyan 6", which has made significant contributions to wheat breeding and food security. This article systematically reviews the general of Elytrigia genus species, the research progress on genes resistant to common fungal diseases such as stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, powdery mildew, Fusarium head blight, and crown rot, and summarizes advances in creating novel germplasm and breeding applications of disease-resistant genes through distant hybridization and molecular chromosome engineering. Furthermore, it discusses challenges in the exploration and application of disease-resistant genes from Elytrigia, and prospects future research directions. This review is structured into the aforementioned five sections, aiming to provide a scientific basis for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of exogenous disease-resistant genes and enhance their utilization efficiency in wheat breeding programs.
    Research progress on breeding disease-resistant rice varieties by using wild rice
    XIANG Rong, ZHONG Qiaofang, XIAO Suqin, LIU Li, CHEN Ling, JIANG Hao, YIN Fuyou, ZHANG Yun, YU Tengqiong, XING Jiaxin, JIANG Cong, WANG Bo, CHENG Zaiquan, LI Jinlu
    Available online:  December 01, 2025 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250922001
    [Abstract] (171) [HTML] (0) [PDF 890.58 K] (110)
    Abstract:
    Breeding disease-resistant rice varieties is the most economical and effective way to ensure rice yield and quality. Wild rice has retained many original traits that cultivated rice does not have due to its long-term survival in the natural environment. It contains abundant genetic resources and is an important gene pool for rice disease-resistant breeding. This paper introduces the characteristics and protection of three kinds of wild rice in China, and further describes the progress of screening of disease-resistant germplasm resources and identification and cloning of disease-resistant genes in wild rice. The distant hybridization, molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS), genetic engineering and gene editing breeding of wild rice were reviewed and analyzed. These contents hope to provide some reference for future research on disease resistance breeding of wild rice.
    Technical Regulation for ex-situ conservation of Oryza granulata resources in Hainan Province
    唐清杰 , 邢福能, 周世圳, 程在全
    Available online:  November 14, 2025 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250929002
    [Abstract] (175) [HTML] (0) [PDF 982.54 K] (127)
    Abstract:
    Oryza granulata is one of China's three wild rice germplasm resources. Compared with Oryza rufipogon and Oryza officinalis, it exhibits more distinct scarcity and endangerment status and utmost importance in protection.At present, the research on the theory of wild rice protection and the development of protection technology were relatively lagging behind, which results in insufficient support for both ex-situ protection and in-situ protection.Based on the results of many years of experiments，the standard technical regulation for ex-situ conservation of oryza granulata resources in Hainan Province was summarized and normalized.It mainly includes terminology and definitions,the save procedures, field management, monitor,harvest,upgrading and revitalizing and propagation and multiplication,distribution,, management of germplasm information, so as to provide technical reference for ex-situ conservation of oryza granulata resources.The technical regulations are applicable to ex-situ conservation of oryza granulata resources in Hainan Province.
    Identification and Evaluation of Blast Resistance in 1018 Oryza rufipogon Griff. Germplasm Resources
    成彦蓉, 金叶, 郭文龙, 白大嵩, 张忠林, 彭友林, 钱前, 郑晓明
    Available online:  October 28, 2025 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250726001
    [Abstract] (266) [HTML] (0) [PDF 809.29 K] (474)
    Abstract:
    Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), distinguished by exceptional genetic diversity and outstanding environmental plasticity, constitutes an invaluable gene reservoir for the genetic improvement of cultivated rice. Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is listed in the List of Class I Crop Diseases and Pests issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Harnessing elite resistance sources to breed broad-spectrum resistant cultivars represents the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy for managing this pathogen. Here,1018 O. rufipogon Griff.accessions collected from Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi were systematically screened against a panel of 42 predominant M. oryzae physiological races originating from Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Hubei and Jiangsu. When challenged with the Southwest composite inoculum (races pooled from Sichuan, Guizhou and Chongqing), 88 accessions exhibited resistance (R), 34 moderate resistance (MR), 124 moderate susceptibility (MS) and 772 susceptibility (S). Subsequent race-specific assays on the 122 resistant accessions revealed that 59 (48.4 %) conferred resistance to Hubei isolate B27, 73 (59.8 %) to the Jiangxi race mixture, 107 (87.7 %) to Yunnan isolate Q12 and 102 (83.6 %) to Jiangsu isolate C62. Iterative screening against all 42 races ultimately identified 59 accessions displaying broad-spectrum resistance, comprising 45 from Guangdong, 5 from Guangxi and 9 from Hainan. Notably, the proportion of broad-spectrum resistant accessions was significantly higher in Hainan (22.0 %) than in Guangdong (5.1 %) or Guangxi (5.4 %). These precisely characterized, broad-spectrum resistant wild rice resources provide an indispensable genetic foundation for future blast-resistance research and breeding.
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    Advances in Germplasm Collection and Genetic Diversity Research of Wild Broomcorn Millet in China
    LIU Min-xuan, XU yue, LU Ping
    2020,21(6):1435-1445 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200522001
    [Abstract] (1848) [HTML] (0) [PDF 30.14 M] (47846)
    Abstract:
    Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a representative crop in dryland agriculture and has been cultivated for over 10,000 years. Wild broomcorn millet, widely distributed in fields alongside the cultivated broomcorn millet and in woodland edges and grasslands across Eurasia, plays a crucial role in studies of broomcorn millet origin and domestication history. This review summarizes the research progresses achieved in China in germplasm collection and conservation, identification and evaluation, and genetic diversity analysis of wild broomcorn millet, and in the relationship between the wild broomcorn millet and cultivated broomcorn millet, and proposes further project development and the core mission of collection, utilization and research of wild broomcorn millet resources in China.
    The Phenotypic Variations and Allelic Analysis of Different Dwarf Germplasm Resources in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
    ZHANG Min-juan, WANG Deng-ke, DUAN Shi-xiang, DOU Jun-ling, YANG Sen, LIU Dong-ming, NIU Huan-huan, ZHU Hua-yu, HU Jian-bin, SUN Shou-ru, MA Chang-sheng, YANG Lu-ming
    2022,23(5):1298-1309 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220616001
    [Abstract] (1378) [HTML] (0) [PDF 35.18 M] (36114)
    Abstract:
    In recent years, facility cultivation in watermelon has become one of the main ways in China, and dwarf germplasm resources have been of interest considering their application for their unique advantages in facility cultivation. Dwarf is one important agronomic trait in modulating plant architecture, and dwarf watermelon varieties are adaptable for high-density planting, mechanizing management and pest control, which can effectively reduce costs and meet the current needs of simplified watermelon cultivation. In this study, 14 dwarf germplasms, which were collected from domestic and foreign countries, were subjected for self-pollination with several generations to obtain homozygous inbred lines. Fourteen dwarf germplasms were subjected for diallel crosses, and F1 hybrids and derived F2 populations were analyzed for plant architecture related agronomic traits. Based on allelic tests for 14 dwarf germplasms, two types (class-I and class-II) on the dwarf phenotype were observed. The dwarf trait in class-I mutants d1, d2, d3 and d6 was controlled by the same recessive gene Cldw1, while the dwarf trait in class-mutants was controlled by another recessive gene Cldf. The F1 hybrid derived from inter-crosses between two classes were observed with long vine, and the segregation ratio of the vine type in F2 population was 9:3:3:1, thus confirming that the dwarf trait in two types of mutants were controlled by two different recessive genes. The analysis of different dwarf germplasm mutants in this study provided better understanding of watermelon dwarf resources, which has implication in breeding for new watermelon dwarf varieties.
    Synthesis and cytological studies of allotriploid interspecies between Brassica carinata and Chinese kale
    luoshuangxia
    2013,14(2):361-366 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2013.02.028
    [Abstract] (5511) [HTML] (0) [PDF 29.26 M] (32326)
    Abstract:
    The allotriploid interspecies (BCC) were obtained by reciprocal crosses between Brassica carinata (2n=4x=BBCC=34) and Chinese kale (2n=2x=CC=18). The interspecies displayed a stronger growth than parents; the plant and flower type tended to parent B. carinata; and the flower color was the same as parent Chinese kale. Meiosis observation of the allotriploid showed that 9 bivalents and 8 univalents (9Ⅱ 8Ⅰ) were formed at diakinesis, and the two kind of chromosomes (B and C) tended to separate into two groups; at metaphaseⅠ, 9 bivalents of CC genome arranged on equatorial plane and 8 univalents of B genome distributed around the equatorial plane ; and at anaphaseⅠ, the distributions of chromosomes with 13/13 or 12/14 were in the majority. The obtain of this allotriploid (BCC) provides an important material for production of CC B alien addition lines and for study of chromosome homology between B and C genome.
    Wild Relatives of Agricultural Crop in Yunnan Province and Its Peripheral Area
    Gao Ainong
    2013,14(2):193-201 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2013.02.002
    [Abstract] (4827) [HTML] (0) [PDF 31.18 M] (25859)
    Abstract:
    The project of “investigation of biological resources of agriculture in Yunnan province and its peripheral area”belongs to National Basic Task Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The project has passed the acceptance inspection from the Ministry of Science and Technology in May, 2012, after it has been carried out for 5 years. Yunnan and its peripheral area are low latitudes and high altitudes, also the concentrative areas inhabited by minority nationality people, where the species of agricultural crops are quite abundant, so are the biological and genetic diversity, as a result, the wild relatives of agricultural crops are plenty. In this paper, the authors have introduced the wild relatives of food crops, economic crops, vegetable crops and fruit trees collected in Yunnan and its peripheral area in order to provide basic information and scientific evidences for the researches and development, and constituting the national conservation policy of the diversity of wild plants and scientific researches.
    Identification of QTL for Tassel Color in Maize
    yuanwenjuan
    2013,14(2):289-297 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2013.02.005
    [Abstract] (5689) [HTML] (0) [PDF 10.61 M] (24203)
    Abstract:
    Abstract: tassel is an important reproductive organ of maize and the appearance of different kinds of maize differ in thousands of ways .molecular markers, tightly linked with tassel color, could be screened by genetic analysis and QTL mapping of the color of the maize tassel. these molecular markers can be used as an useful tool for maize variety protection and species identification. Mean while, higher pigment content of anthocyan in purple tassel is closely related to the insect resistance of maize tassel. In this study, a black SDM of maize inbred lines were used as a common male parent and respectively hybrid with the white maize inbred lines of wood and yellow maize inbred line Mo17 to build two F2: 3 groups, respectively named MuS (Mu6 x SDM), and MoS (, Mo17 ?SDM).these two groups were planted in two different environments in Yunnan and Chongqing, then conduct QTL mapping about two traits, the anther color (COAn) and the anther capes color (COCa). The results showed that: the anther color and the anther cape color are both quantitative traits, jointly controlled by major genes and minor genes. Seven QTL related to anther color are detected from the two groups in two different environments. They are located in chromosome 2,3,6 and 10.The QTL within marker interval umc1196a-IDP8526 on the chromosome 10 both expressed in Chongqing and Yunnan, and the contribution rate of the phenotype were 23.17% and 19.98%; nine QTL related to anther cape color are detected from the two groups in two environments, located in chromosome 3, 6, 9 and 10 .Among them, three QTL are environmental insensitive (they express in both two environments and the contribution rate are greater than 10%), which respectively in the marker interval umc1979-umc1796 mmc0523-umc2006 in chromosome 6 and the marker interval umc1196a-umc2043 in the chromosome 10 and the contribution rate of the phenotype ranges from 10.69% to 59.30%. The location and effect of the major QTL detected from these two groups have a high degree of consistency, and the major QTL controlling the two traits of anther color and anther cape color have the phenomenon of chain of distribution, mainly near the marker mmc0523 at bin6.04 and the marker IDP8526 at bin10.04. QTL that located on chromosome 6 and 10, and that are stable in different environments and genetic backgrounds can be regarded as the target sites used for further fine mapping. They can also provide a valuable reference for marker-assisted selection of maize tassel color.
    Phenotypic DiversityAnalysis of Five Wild Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum Populations
    WANG Wen-xiao, CHENG Hao, XU Yu-feng, GE Hong, YANG Shu-hua, ZHAO Xin, WU Rong-hua, JIA Rui-dong
    2020,21(5):1196-1206 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200109006
    [Abstract] (1801) [HTML] (0) [PDF 31.37 M] (23854)
    Abstract:
    In this study, we investigated the phenotypic diversity of 18 characters on five main natural populations of Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum that were collected from three provinces Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou in China. The statistical methods used included nested variance analysis, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results revealed significant difference at most phenotypic traits among populations if compared to that within populations. The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient (VST) was 75.18%, indicating that the population diversity was largely contributed by the variation among populations. The average variation coefficient of the 18 phenotypic traits was variable from 6.36%–18.51%, with a higher degree of dispersion. PCA showed that plant height, length of ovary, scape height, length of maximum leaf, diameter of flower and length of synsepal were the main sources of phenotypic variation. Pearson correlation analysis showed that plant height, width of synsepal and width of dorsal sepal were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the majority of plant traits, whereas only the length of synsepal was extremely significantly correlated with geographic factors. Cluster analysis revealed three groups from the five populations, which could be explained by the geographic distribution. This study found that populations of Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum have high genetic diversity, and the variation between populations is much higher than that within the population. The phenotypic diversity indicates that wild Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum populations should be protected as much as possible. Moreover, it is recommended that germplasm is preserved in nurseries and libraries in addition to in-situ conservation, and that an artificial reproduction system is established enhance our conservation efficiency.
    Investigation and Nutrition Components Analysis of Wild Chives in Hezhang County of Guizhou Province
    WANG Hai-ping, QIU Yang, LI Fang-wei, SONG Jiang-ping, Zhang Xiao-hui, LI Xi-xiang
    2017,18(6):1137-1144 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2017.06.015
    [Abstract] (2370) [HTML] (0) [PDF 10.11 M] (23724)
    Abstract:
    Guizhou province is an important distribution area of wild allium, especially in Hezhang county. In order to understand and study the distribution, the wild Chinese chive in Hezhang county was investigated, and the main nutritional components were analyzed. The results indicated that there are mainly 3 kinds of wild Chinese chive distributed in Hezhang county, Allium wallichii Kunth., Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt.(tentatively named) and Allium hookeri Thwaites (tentatively named). . The geographical distribution, habitat and climate of the wild chives were investigated. Among 17 kinds of amino acids, except for proline, the contents of other amino acids in wild chives were higher than that of the cultivated chive. The sugar contents of wild chives were significantly lower than the cultivated chive. Among 9 trace elements, zinc and iron contents of Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt.were significantly higher than that of cultivated chives and other wild chives. Among 4 kinds of heavy metal, cadmium content in 3 kinds of wild chives exceed the limitation of national standard, especially the cadmium content in Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt. was significantly higher than the others. Content of arsenic, mercury and lead in Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt. also exceed the limitation of national standard; Vc content in leaves and stalk of Allium wallichii Kunth. in original habit was higher than that of cultivated chives. The biological characteristics and nutrition components of wild chives from Hezhang county were significantly different from that of cultivated chives, which will be important genetic resources for utilization and quality development of chives.
    Genome-wide Association Study of Root System Architecture Related Traits in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
    CHEN Gui-ju, JIN Yi-rong, LIU Cai-yun, JIA De-xin, FAN Qing-qi, LIU Jin-dong, LIU Peng
    2020,21(4):975-983 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20191126002
    [Abstract] (1943) [HTML] (0) [PDF 709.26 K] (23492)
    Abstract:
    The root system architecture (RSA) determines the composition of the root system and plays an irreplaceable role in crop growth and development. It is of great significance to analyze the genetic mechanism of wheat root architecture and the selection of varieties with better RSA traits in breeding for elite wheat varieties. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is an effective method to analyze the genetic mechanism of complicated quantitative traits (i.e. RSA) in wheat. In the study, GWAS for RSA-related traits(total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, average root diameter and number of root tips) were conducted in 160 wheat accessions from Henan and Shandong, which were previously genotyped by wheat 660K SNP chip. Twenty-three loci associated with RSA related traits were detected from chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6A, 6B and 7B, and each explained the phenotypic variation variable from 7.2% to 12.8%. Among them, eleven loci are found to coincide with the formerly-reported loci, and the remaining 12 loci are newly identified. Taken together, this study is of significance to uncover the genetic structure of the root architecture with a potential in future breeding of high-yield and stress-resistant wheat cultivars.
    Combining ability of parents for main traits in sorghum panicles
    Long Wenjing, 赵甘霖, 丁国祥, 倪先林, 刘天朋, 汪小楷
    2017,18(5):867-873 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2017.05.008
    [Abstract] (1960) [HTML] (0) [PDF 7.64 M] (23058)
    Abstract:
    To explore the main characters of the genetic features of sorghum panicle and evaluate the use value of material of latest introduction and cultivation of sorghum parents, thus providing theoretical basis for breeding of sorghum panicle and reference. Four sorghum sterile lines(13163A, 1358A, 128A and 407A ) and 6 restorer lines (9.1R, 213R, 272R, 381R, Dwarf182R and Early21R) were mated, the combining ability of main traits of F1 generation’s panicles was analyzed according to incomplete diallel cross(NCII). The results showed that the main panicle traits exist significant genetic differences, the main performance for the additive gene effect of genetic traits are: spike length, primary branches number, secondary branch number, grain numbe per spike; Narrow heritability size order are: secondary branch number > primary branch number > spike length> grain number per spike > grain weight per spike >1000-kernel weight. Different parent’s general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) is significant difference in different traits. Sterile line 407A and restorer early 21R, 9.1R which has better comprehensive characteristic, have great potential applications in production of hybrid combinations. Restorer 272R combined with lower spike grain number and small grains characteristics can satisfy the market demand for small grain sorghum. In-depth analysis of sorghum hybrid parent main panicle traits, is conducive to the further understanding and use of parent material.
    Analysis of sugars and acid contents and its compositions in different ecological peach cultivar groups
    ZHU Geng-rui, WANG Xin-wei, CAO Ke, FANG Wei-chao, CHEN Chang-wen, WANG Li-rong
    2017,18(5):891-904 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2017.05.011
    [Abstract] (2466) [HTML] (0) [PDF 14.14 M] (21892)
    Abstract:
    Abstract: Studies were conducted on the distributions of sugar and acids contents of 118 doses of peach accessions, which contain six cultivar groups in China, for providing reliable evidences of high quality peach breeding selection. In this study Soluble sugar was detected by fehling reagent. Titratable acidity was detected by NaOH.Sugar and organic acid compositions in 295 peach accessions were detected using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Result:1) Cultivars derived from Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, Southern China Contain high value of sugar compositions (fructose, sucrose), soluble sugar, total sugar, but those are low in cultivars of Northwest China. Cultivars of Changjiang River Region and Northeast China contain high value of fructose.Cultivars derived from North China Plain, Changjiang River Region and Southern China contain low value of titratable acidity , some acid compositions(citrale, quinate, malate) and total acid, but those are high in cultivars of Northwest China. Cultivars derived from North China Plain, Changjiang River Region and Southern China contain high value of SS/TA, SSC/TA and ‘Total sugar/ Total acid’, but those are low in cultivars of Northwest China, Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and Northeast China. 2) For sugar compositions in different cultivars, Ratio of ‘fructose to total sugar’ is the highest in Changjiang River Region cultivars, Northwest China cultivars have a high level of ‘glucose to total sugar’. The ratio of ‘sorbitol to total sugar’ is the highest in Southern China cultivars, but the Northest China cultivars have the lowest level. Ratio of ‘sucrose to total sugar’ have no significant difference in six ecological cultivar groups. For the analysis of acid compositions, Changjiang River Region cultivars have high level of citrale, but cultivars of Southern China have a lower level, which have the highest level of quinate. The ratios of succinic and malate acids have no significant difference in six ecological cultivar groups.
    Study on the Floral characteristics Characteristics and Sstructure in Two Types of Male Sterile Lines of Bbroccoli（Brassica oleracea var.italica）
    shu jin shuai, Liu Yumei, 方智远, 李占省, 孙培田, 杨丽梅, 张黎黎, 张扬勇, 庄木
    2014,15(1):113-119 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2014.01.015
    [Abstract] (4555) [HTML] (0) [PDF 7.81 M] (21694)
    Abstract:
    Broccoli is an important cruciferous vegetable, it has a good anti-cancer effect, with the expanding cultivation area of broccoli and the developing of anticancer drug, the demand for broccoli seeds are increasing. Using male sterile line to produce F1 generation seeds is an important way to utilize of heterosis, but the cytoplasmic male sterile lines commonly used in production have the problems of the buds death are heavier in the early, nectar volume is less and seeds production are low. Our group makes excellent broccoli inbred lines as male parent. cabbage dominant genic male sterility material 79-399-3 and cytoplasmic male sterile material OguraCMSR3 629 as the infertility sources, we have obtained multiple dominant genic male sterile lines and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of broccoli through backcrossing method, in order to further effectively use of broccoli male sterile lines and search for better infertility sources, The the differences of the bud death numbers, floral organ structure and number of or frequecing bees visiting flowers among dominant genic male sterile（DGMS）lines，cytoplasmic male sterile（CMS）lines and inbred lines of broccoli 8554, 8590 and 93219 were studied. The results showed that the differences of the bud length, bud diameter, death buds of single branch, corolla diameter, stamen length, anther length, petal length, the times of visiting bees, the number of visiting bees and the time of bees staying on the flower between DGMS and CMS of lines 8554, 8590 and 93219 were significant. On As athe whole, above characteristics in DGMS lines were significantly better than CMS lines.
    Crop gene pyramiding molecular breeding
    徐小万, 雷建军, 罗少波, 李颖, 王恒明
    2010,11(3):364-368 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2010.03.003
    [Abstract] (8113) [HTML] (0) [PDF 546.74 K] (20336)
    Abstract:
    Most agronomic charateristics and complex biosynthetic pathways are determined by the coordination of multiple gene expression ,and gene pyramiding molecular breeding combined with conventional breeding techniques have become the main means for the crop breeding.Gene pyramiding molecular breeding includes genetic transformation molecular breeding and marker-assisted selection molecular breeding. The research progress of crop genetic pyramiding molecular breeding in recent were reviewed. The research methods, the countermeasures on the existing problems of gene pyramiding molecular breeding were discussed and the prospects were described as well in this paper.
    The Wild Dactylis glomerata Germplasm Resources of Hengduan Mountains in Southwest China
    钟声, 黄梅芬, 段新慧
    2010,11(1):1-4 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2010.01.001
    [Abstract] (6004) [HTML] (0) [PDF 422.92 K] (19717)
    Abstract:
    Hengduan mountains lie in southwest of China,which is famous by the extending from south to north.There widely distribute wild Dactylis glomerata germplasm resources,which belongs to subspecies glomerata,and subspecies himalayensis.The distribution range of two subspecies is nearly the same,but much difference existed in the morphological characters and phenological development in two subspecies.Through hybridization of subspecies himalayensis and subspecies glomerata in artificial condition,triploid offspring may be obtained.But no definite evidence has been found that hybrid triploid offspring was existed by crossbreeding of two subspecies in natural condition.In recent decade years,many basal studies about the two subspecies have been done in China,but a few were about the protection and utilization.Thinking about the origin,it can be sure that subspecies himalayensis belong to natural origin ecotype,but subspecies glomerata was likely to belong to naturalization species.Because of the competing threat from the subspecies glomerata,it is necessary to reinforce the protection and utilization studies about the subspecies himalayensis.
    Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Barbarea Vulgaris Germplasm Resources Based on Phenotypic Traits
    Liu Tongjin, , , , , and
    2015,16(3):528-534 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2015.03.014
    [Abstract] (4418) [HTML] (0) [PDF 19.71 M] (19493)
    Abstract:
    Barbarea vulgaris is an excellent cruciferous plant, particularly being ideal as a model species to study saponin biosynthesis, insect resistance, and coevolution of plants and insect pest. In order to make full use of B. vulgaris germplasm, the genetic diversity was analyzed among the 34 accessions conserved in the national mid-term gene bank for vegetables, based on the phenologic, morphological and insect resistance data from the field investigation. The results showed significant morphological diversity in B. vulgaris germplasm from Europe. Among the 34 accession, BV13-BAR13 bolted earliest, 47 days earlier than the latest bolting material (BV13-BAR9). Most of the B. vulgaris germplasm have glabrous leaves, strong tillering ability and more leaf numbers. The range and coefficient variation (CV) of the plant height, silique length and inflorescence length are the highest among all traits. Only 9 of 34 B. vulgaris are susceptible to the diamondback moth, most accessions are highly resistant to the pest. The clustering analysis showed that 34 accessions can be divided into 3 groups. The resistant and susceptible germplasm were distributed to different groups, reflecting their genetic relationships. Our research will provide useful materials and information for the genetic breeding of insect resistant B. Vulgaris and cruciferae crops.
    Composition Variation of High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits in the Doubling Haploids from Anther Culture and the Crossing Hybrids in Wheat
    Han Xiaofeng, Ye Xingguo, Liu Xiaolei, We Yiqin, Yan Yueming, Du Lipu
    2010,11(6):671-677 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2010.06.004
    [Abstract] (5367) [HTML] (0) [PDF 0.00 Byte] (19173)
    Abstract:
    High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in the doubling haploids from stable cultivars and the crossing hybrids between different varieties of common wheat were analyzed to explore the possibility of improving the subunit compositions by anther culture and commercial crossing. Double haploids from five wheat genotypes of Alondra, Orofen, Xinchun9, Verry, and Bainong3217 were obtained by anther culture, and different hybrids were made each other from different wheat lines with different HMW-GS constitutions such as Xingchun9, Jing771, CB037, CS, Ningchun4, Bobwhite, and yangmai12 by crossing. Then, SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the populations of the doubling haploids and the crossing hybrids for HMW-GS combinations. The results indicated that frequent variation of HMW-GS happened in the doubled haploids with a rate up to 61.8% in the test genotypes, among which Alondra and Bainong3217 gave higher variation frequency than other three varieties, and several subunits might be new ones which are not present in the corresponding wild types, but need to be identified further. Comparing with the donor lines, the typical double haploids varied in HMW-GS were not changed in main agronomic characteristics such as plant height, growth period, and grain weight. In most F1 hybrids, the expression of all HMW-GS appeared to be co-dominant, but the expression of one or two HMW-GSs was did found to be suppressed in a few F1 crosses. Cytoplasm of female parents was found to have some effect on the expression of very few subunits in a few crosses. At the same time, 2-3 possible new subunits that did not exist in the parents were observed in the two crosses, Ningchun4/CB037 and Jing771/Ningchun4. By continuous self-crossing and tracing of the new subunits, stable lines expressing the putative new subunits were obtained from the two crosses mentioned above. Variation of HMW-GSs constitution or new HMW-GS can be induced by anther culture and normal cross. Co-dominant of HMW-GS expression did not definitely exist in all F1 crosses. Cytoplasm did effect the expression of HMW-GS in some cases. The present study is theoretical and practical valuable for the improvement of wheat processing quality and the further understanding of the genetic and structural features of HMW-GSs encoding genes.
    Advances in Genetics and breeding of High oleic acid peanut
    陈 静
    2011,12(2):190-196 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2011.02.009
    [Abstract] (6287) [HTML] (0) [PDF 503.46 K] (18883)
    Abstract:
    Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is an important oilseed and economic crop in China. Oleic content and linoleic content of peanut seed add up to 80%. Oleic acid is an important factor that affects physical and chemical stability and nutritional value of peanut oil. Breeding peanut variety with high oleic content is an important breeding objective of peanut quality to promote international competitiveness and meet domestic consumption demand since 2000. Increasing oleic content in peanut significantly improves the nutritional quality. In this paper, we summarize mutants of high oleic peanut, the genetic characteristics of high oleic acid content and analyse pedigree relationship of high oleic acid peanut varieties and developing methods. Our purpose is to improve high oleic breeding of China peanut.
    Investigation and Taxonomy of Wild Fragaria Resources in the South of Qinling Mountain in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province of China
    GUO Rui-xue, CHENG Yuan-yi, XI Hui, XUE Li, LEI Jia-jun, WANG Lian-jun
    2022,23(5):1393-1399 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220225002
    [Abstract] (1265) [HTML] (0) [PDF 44.50 M] (18825)
    Abstract:
    To understand the genus Fragaria resources distributed in the south of Qinling Mountain in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province of China, the wild strawberries were surveyed during 2019-2021 (latitude, 32°49′46″ to 33°19′38″; longitude, 106°09′23″ to 106°40′23″). The investigation sites include eight villages of three counties (Mengjiahe Village and Wangjiazhuang Village in Lueyang County; Erliba Village and Dashuya Village in Ningqiang County; Liziba Village, Lijiagou Village, Qiuqiya Village and Toudaohe Village in Mi'an County). A total of 57 wild strawberry accessions were collected in this survey. These accessions were identified and classified into three Fragaria species including Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlect., F. chinensis Lozinsk. and F. pentaphylla Lozinsk. (white-fruited), and two types including F. pentaphylla pink-fruited genotype and F. pentaphylla red-fruited genotype through botanical character observation and ploidy identification. Among them, F. pentaphylla was found to be predominant in population. These wild strawberries were found in the vertical space of 849 - 1352 m above sea level, such as mountains, forests, streams, roadsides, barren fields and rock walls. We provided the characters of the collected Fragaria species in detail, and proposed the suggestions on the protection and utilization of local wild strawberry resources.
    Diversity Analysis of Chinese Wild Grape Species
    chengdawei, jiangjianfu, fanxiucai, zhangying, , liuchonghuai
    2013,14(6):996-1012 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2013.06.003
    [Abstract] (5486) [HTML] (0) [PDF 18.28 M] (18621)
    Abstract:
    China is one of the major origin centres of Vitis species, and has lots of grape species and inherited resource in the world. There are 40 species, 1 subspecies and 13 varieties originated from China. According to the “description standard and data standard for grape (Vitis L.)”, taking a number of character index as a identification parameters, the genetic. diversity of 23 Chinese wild grape species were analysised by identifying botany characteristics and agronomic traits.The results showed that Chinese wild grape had rich diversity in main phenophase, young shoot down, young shoot color, blade shape, blade color, teeth, berry size, skin color, berry flavor, floral organs and so on, with abundant genetic diversity. It can provide reference for classification,evolution and breeding of vitis . It is suggested that “description standard and data standard for grape (Vitis L.)” for further revision and improvement, in order to adapt Chinese wild vitis resource diversity evaluation research.
    Molecular Mechanism and Application of HSP90 in Plants
    Qi Yan and
    2013,14(1):111-116 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.2013.01.017
    [Abstract] (5058) [HTML] (0) [PDF 0.00 Byte] (18338)
    Abstract:
    Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) widely mediated stress signal transduction, and plays an important role in the control of normal growth of human cells and in the promoting tumor cell development. At present, HSP90 has become forefront projects of cellular immunity, signal transduction and anti-cancer investigation. The physiological function of HSP90 start later in plant than in animal and fungi. Recent researches revealed that plant HSP90 plays an important role in development, environmental stress response and disease resistance. This paper discussed the molecular functions of HSP90, and systematically reviews latest progresses on molecular mechanism of plant HSP90 as well as improvement of plant resistance to facalitate broaden work.
    Phenotype Analysis and Low-resolution Mapping of a Stripe-Leaf Mutant t122 in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)
    ZHANG Shuo, ZHI Hui, ZHANG Wei, TANG Chan-juan, LUO Ming-zhao, TANG Sha, JIA Guan-qing, JIA Yan-chao, LIU Gang, HUANG Zhi-mou, CAI Hai-ya, JIAO Chun-hai, DIAO Xian-min
    2022,23(4):1076-1084 ,DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220211001
    [Abstract] (912) [HTML] (0) [PDF 36.21 M] (18336)
    Abstract:
    Leaf color is usually determined by the number, structure, and photosynthetic characters of the chloroplast. Isolation of the functional genes in leaf discoloration mutants of the C4 model plant foxtail millet and deciphering their functions is a way to disclose the regulation mechanism of C4 plant chloroplast biogenesis, development and photosynthesis. In this study, a stripe-leaf mutant t122 was identified from the EMS-induced mutant library of the foxtail millet variety Yugu1. The mutant t122 was observed with developmental retardation, and irregular white stripes on leaves. In contrast to the wild type, the significant decrease on the plant height, leaf length, leaf width, main panicle diameter, main panicle weight, and seed setting rate was observed in t122 mutant, whereas an increase on the panicle number per plant was detected. The photosynthetic capacity of t122 was impaired. By the leaf anatomy analysis, no significant difference in the distance between leaf veins, the number of cell layers between vascular bundles, and the cross-sectional cell area of leaves was observed in t122; however, an increased on the leaf cell length was detected. The ultrastructural observation of chloroplasts showed that, in t122 the chloroplasts showing functional structure were only detected in subsets of leaf cells. The segregation analysis suggested that the stripe-leaf trait of t122 was controlled by a single recessive nuclei-encoding gene. Using the method of MutMap, the candidate gene was mapped to the region of 24.0 Mb - 30.0 Mb on chromosome 3. Collectively, these results laid a good foundation for future cloning and functional characterization of the stripe-leaf gene in foxtail millet.

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