The Journal of Plant Genetic Resources is a bimonthly academic journalco-sponsored by the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and China Association of Agricultural Science Societies .Tt isthe only journal in China that mainly introduces plant genetic resources. Founded in 2000, officially launched in 2003, quarterly from 2000 to 2009, and bimonthly in 2010.
The contents of the report are field, horticultural crops, ornamental and medicinal plants, basic research on plant genetic resources, research results in applied research, innovative academic papers, and high-level reviews or reviews of forest plants, grass plants and all their economic plants. For example, the investigation, collection, preservation, evaluation, utilization, innovation, Informatics, management, etc. of germplasm resources; Systems of origin, evolution, classification, etc.; Gene excavation, identification, cloning, establishment of gene libraries, and research on genetic diversity.
Abstract: Peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.）， as an important oilseed and economic crop in China， is susceptible to various pathogens during its growth， development and storage， posing a severe threat to its yield and quality. With the assembly and annotation of whole-genome sequencing of wild and cultivated peanut， significant progress has been made in the mapping of disease resistance-related QTL and molecular marker-assisted breeding technologies. These advancements provide a brand-new and highly promising technical support for the genetic improvement of peanut resistant germplasm. This review systematically outlines the research progress in constructing peanut genetic maps， with a specific focus on the identification and mapping of resistance QTLs against major diseases， including leaf spot， bacterial wilt， stem rot， and aflatoxin contamination. It also analyzes the current challenges in peanut resistance breeding， aiming to offer valuable insights for developing peanut varieties with superior resistance. To further promote the genetic improvement of peanut resistance and achieve breakthrough progress in breeding technologies， future efforts should focus on approaches such as integrated omulti-omics analysis， and in-depth integration of molecular marker-assisted selection with gene editing technologies. These approaches are expected to facilitate transformative progress in peanut breeding.
Abstract: Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） is one of the most important food crops worldwide， essential for ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development worldwide. With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing impact of climate change， improving wheat yield and quality has become increasingly urgent. In recent years， CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology has been widely applied to functional gene research and trait improvement in major crops such as rice and maize， achieving remarkable progress due to its simplicity， high targeting specificity， and editing efficiency. However， applying and advancing CRISPR/Cas9 technology in wheat remains challenging due to the polyploidy and structural complexity of its genome， coupled with its relatively low genetic transformation efficiency. In response to this situation， this review systematically summarizes the discovery and underlying mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas9 system， outlines the four main types of edits it can induce-including short fragment insertions， fragment deletions， base substitutions and large fragment insertions， and further highlights recent advances in applying this technology to improve disease resistance， stress tolerance， and yield related traits in wheat. Additionally， considering the current challenges in wheat CRISPR/Cas9 applications， such as limited editing efficiency， off-target effects， and imperfect transformation systems， potential optimization strategies and actionable solutions are proposed in this review. Overall， this review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and technical reference for future molecular breeding research in wheat， thereby promoting the efficient application of genome-editing technologies in wheat.
Abstract: Rice landraces constitute a core component of China's rice germplasm resources. Systematic identification and evaluation of their agronomic traits is of great significance for rice breeding. In this study， 218 rice landraces collected from 12 provinces south of the Yangtze River were used to evaluate 12 agronomic traits， including heading days， plant height， panicles per plant， and spikelets per panicle， under two environmental conditions， namely Sanya city in Hainan province and Huishui city in Guizhou province. The results revealed significant phenotypic variation in these traits between the two environments. The phenotypic values of traits including heading days， plant height， panicle length， spikelets per panicle， and seed setting rate were significantly higher in Huishui， which has higher latitude and altitude than Sanya. In contrast， panicles per plant and flag leaf width were higher in Sanya. Under the two different environments， thousand-grain weight， grain size and shape traits， and flag leaf width were relatively stable. Heading days， plant height， panicle length， seed setting rate， and flag leaf length were moderately stable， whereas panicles per plant and spikelets per panicle showed poor stability. Analysis of the coefficient of variation （CV） distribution for the 12 traits among the 218 materials revealed that over 89% of the materials exhibited high CVs for panicles per plant and spikelets per panicle， suggesting high environmental sensitivity. In contrast， more than 84% of the materials showed low CVs for thousand-grain weight， grain length-width ratio， grain length， and grain width， indicating that these traits were less influenced by environmental conditions. For heading days， plant height， and seed setting rate， approximately half of the materials were environmentally sensitive， while the other half were insensitive. Panicle length and flag leaf length in more than 66% of the materials were relatively sensitive to environmental change， whereas flag leaf width of 64.7% of the materials was relatively insensitive. The CV for heading days was lower in Indica landraces than in Japonica landraces， indicating better stability in indica landraces. Among them， Indica landraces from the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Rice Region showed the highest stability. Phenotypic comparisons between subspecies and across different growing regions showed that， indica landraces generally matured earlier， produced more panicles per plant， longer and more slender grains， longer flag leaves， higher seed setting rate， and higher thousand-grain weight. In contrast， japonica landraces had higher plant height， longer panicles， more grains per panicle， and wider grains. Landraces from the South China and Southwest China Rice Regions generally exhibited taller plant height， larger panicles， heavier grains， higher seed setting rate， longer grain length， and wider flag leaves， indicating higher yield potential. Cluster analysis revealed the closest genetic relationship between landraces from the South China and Southwest China Rice Regions， followed by those between the Middle and Lower Yangtze River and East China Rice Regions. Based on the stability of heading days， 20 broadly adapted elite landraces， including Huangsigu， Dalongnian， Beizinuo， and Shoutianjian， were identified. In addition， 20 accessions with superior yield-related traits， such as high grain number， large grain size， multiple panicles， or long grain shape， were selected. These elite landraces combine wide adaptability with outstanding yield-related characteristics and represent valuable parental resources for rice breeding.
Abstract: Maize landraces harbor rich and diverse genetic resources， which are of great potential value for broadening the genetic base of current maize germplasm resources and enriching breeding materials. Based on two years of phenotypic evaluation， the coefficient of variation （CV） and phenotypic diversity index （H′） for 40 traits （20 agronomic and 20 quality traits） across 90 maize landraces were analyzed， followed by clustering analysis. The results showed that the CV of 15 quantitative traits among agronomic traits and 20 quality traits ranged from 2.89% （total starch content） to 44.20% （lysine content）. Notably， 30 traits exhibited a CV greater than 10.00%， indicating substantial phenotypic variability. The H′varied from 0.892 （ear shape） to 2.088 （ear height）. Among agronomic traits， five qualitative traits exhibited relatively low diversity indices （H′<1.2）， while nine quantitative traits showed relatively high diversity indices （H′>2.0）. Of the 20 quality traits， only six exhibited higher diversity indices （H′>2.0）. These results indicated richer phenotypic diversity for these 15 traits. Correlation analysis showed that plant height and ear height were significantly and positively correlated with the remaining 12 agronomic traits. The crude protein content， crude fat content and total starch content were highly correlated with fatty acid content and 16 amino acid content. Principal component analysis revealed that the 15 quantitative traits among agronomic traits with the highest contribution rates were plant hight，ear weight per plant， grain weight per plant， ear diameter and ear length. The 20 quality traits with the highest contribution rates were tyrosine content， isoleucine content， serine content， threonine content， proline content， and total amino acid content. These findings indicated that the ear traits and the six amino acid content traits were the main factors driving the observed genetic variation in these germplasms. Based on 15 quantitative traits among agronomic traits， the 90 landraces were classified into three groups. Group I is mainly high-culm and large-ear type resources， which can be used as the base material for the selection of sparse varieties； Group II resources are mainly characterized by lower plants and shorter ears， and the germplasm of this group can be used as the potential base material for the selection of high-density varieties； The main characteristic of group III resources is that the number of rows per ears is larger， which can provide excellent resources for the improvement of corn yield and related traits. When clustered using the 20 quality traits， the landraces were classified into three groups. Group I contained one high-starch germplasm. Group II contained eight germplasms，including four high-protein germplasms. Group III contained the remaining 81 accessions， among which 13 were identified as high-oil germplasms. These distinct germplasms provide potential material support for breeding specialized maize varieties with enhanced starch， protein and oil content.
Abstract: In order to enhance the efficiency of waxy maize breeding and classify heterosis groups， specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing （SLAF-seq） technology was employed to perform phylogenetic analysis， principal component analysis， population genetic structure analysis on 127 waxy maize inbred lines. Further mutual validation was carried out using sibling lines and registered variety. The results revealed a total of 1129131 SLAF tags including 761467 polymorphic SLAF tags. A set of 60968 high-quality SNP markers were identified， with an average minor allele frequency （MAF） of 0.18 （range： 0.05-0.50） and an average polymorphic information content （PIC） of 0.26 （range： 0.09-0.38）. The average genetic similarity coefficient （GS） among inbred lines was 0.7783， ranging from 0.7310 to 0.9638. Based on integrated phylogenetic and population structure analysis， the 127 waxy maize inbred lines were classified into temperate and tropical heterosis groups. The temperate group was further divided into four subgroups， while the tropical group was divided into three subgroups. Among 33 pairs of sibling lines， 30 exhibited GS values exceeding 75% of the overall GS distribution across all inbred lines. Of the 12 varieties examined， the parents of nine varieties belonged to temperate and tropical heterosis groups， respectively， whereas the parents of the remaining three varieties were derived from different subgroups within the tropical heterosis group. These finding indicate that stronger heterosis occurs between temperate and tropical groups， while moderate heterosis exists among the three tropical subgroups. Collectively， this study provides a theoretical foundation for rational parental line combination and efficiency breeding in waxy maize.
Abstract: Soybean is a crucial global grain and oilseed crop， and research on the genetic diversity of its germplasm resources is vital for breeding programs. This study evaluated 2205 soybean germplasm accessions of domestic and foreign origins. Through three consecutive years of field trials， we systematically analyzed the genetic diversity and variation patterns of 20 phenotypic traits and conducted a comprehensive evaluation. The results revealed that the coefficients of variation （CV） for qualitative traits ranged from 12.30% to 64.35%， with seed color showing the highest variation. Mature pod color， hilum color， and lodging resistance exhibited rich genetic diversity （diversity index>1）. For quantitative traits， the CV ranged from 5.18% to 52.67%. Protein content， oil content， and days to maturity showed minimal variation， indicating relatively stable inheritance， while the number of productive branches， seeds number per plant， bottom pod height， and number of effective pods displayed abundant variation. The genetic diversity indices for quantitative traits were uniformly high， ranging from 1.89 to 2.09， indicating rich phenotypic genetic diversity. Correlation analysis revealed significant or highly significant correlations among several key traits， but correlations between qualitative traits and most quantitative traits were weak. Cluster analysis categorized the accessions into four distinct groups： Group I features high protein content and strong lodging resistance； Group II is characterized by early maturity and short stature； Group III has high yield and a long growth period； and Group IV exhibits high yield， high protein， diverse seed coat colors， but weak lodging resistance. Principal component analysis （PCA） extracted seven principal components， collectively explaining 73.51% of the total variance. The first three principal components were associated with growth duration and yield formation， yield and quality， and seed characteristics， respectively. A comprehensive evaluation score （F-value） for the 2205 germplasms was developed based on membership function and PCA-derived weights. Screening based on the F-value identified the top 50 comprehensively superior germplasms， of which 49 belonged to Group IV and one to Group II. The F-value showed significant or highly significant correlations with most traits， except leaf shape and mature pod color， verifying its effectiveness as a comprehensive evaluation index. This study systematically deciphers the phenotypic genetic diversity of 2205 soybean germplasm resources， clarifies the breeding utilization directions for different groups， and establishes a comprehensive evaluation model that provides a significant theoretical foundation for efficiently screening core elite germplasm and directionally breeding new soybean varieties to meet diverse needs.
Abstract: Winter rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） cultivated in paddy fields frequently encounters waterlogging. To identify germplasm resources with strong waterlogging tolerance， 353 accessions were evaluated under to a 12 h waterlogging treatment at the germination stage. The electrical conductivity of the soaking solution was immediately measured after treatmen. Six growth traits， i.e.， root length， shoot length， root fresh weight， shoot fresh weight， root dry weight， and shoot dry weight， were determined after a 7 d recovery. Membership function analysis， principal component analysis， and clustering were used together with unit electrical conductivity to evaluate waterlogging-tolerance of rapeseed germplasm and to identify waterlogging-tolerant resources at the germination stage. The results indicated that all six traits significantly decreased after waterlogging treatment during the germination stage of rapeseed. The relative values （treatment/control） for root length， root fresh weight， and root dry weight were significantly lower than those for the shoot traits. Relative root length， relative root fresh weight and relative root dry weight supplemented with unit electrical conductivity can be used for waterlogging tolerance evaluation of rapeseed at the germination stage according to the analysis using a stepwise regression model and the correlation between various traits and the D value. These accessions were classified into four distinct groups using the comprehensive evaluation index （D-value）： extremely tolerant （D≥0.75，58 accessions）， tolerant （0.54≤D≤0.74， 111 accessions）， sensitive （0.32≤D≤0.52， 130 accessions）， and extremely sensitive （D≤0.31， 54 accessions）. The similar four-tier classification were classified according to unit electrical conductivity （Uel）： the extreme tolerant （Uel≤289 μS/（cm·g）， 32 accessions）， tolerant （290.42 μS/（cm·g） ≤Uel≤411.67 μS/（cm·g）， 146 accessions）， sensitive （411.90 μS/（cm·g） ≤Uel≤513.20 μS/（cm·g）， 110 accessions）， and extremely sensitive （Uel≥515.03 μS/（cm·g），65 accessions）. By integrating D-value （D≥0.95） and Uel （Uel≤204.48 μS/（cm·g））， six germplasm resources， including Ningza 2009 and Chuanyou 83， were identified as the most waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed. These materials， which exhibit exceptional tolerance to waterlogging during the germination stage， can serve as a foundational resource for investigating waterlogging tolerance mechanisms in later stages of rapeseed development and for enhancing waterlogging-tolerant varieties.
Abstract: As the most widely cultivated bast fiber crop globally， jute （Corchorus spp.） exhibits remarkable salt tolerance characteristics. The screening of salt-alkali tolerant jute germplasms are crucial for the utilization and improvement of China′s abundant saline-alkali land resources. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the salt tolerance of 100 jute germplasms and identify superior materials suitable for cultivation in saline-alkali soils. Through indoor hydroponic experiments， with treatments of 0， 200， 230 and 250 mmol/L NaCl， the salt injury index was investigated during the seedling stage. A Linear Mixed Model （LMM） was employed to analyze genotypic random effects， for which the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction （BLUP） breeding values for salt tolerance were obtained for scoring and grading. Concurrently， field trials were established in natural saline-alkali soil with a salt content of approximately 4‰， where plant height and stem diameter were measured at the technological maturity stage. The results showed that the broad-sense heritability of salt tolerance in jute was approximately 0.299， indicating a moderate level of genetic control. Sixteen highly salt-tolerant accessions were identified. Field phenotypic analysis revealed abundant genetic variation in growth traits under salt stress ， with coefficients of variation of 14.14% for stem diameter and 12.50% for plant height. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between stem diameter and salt tolerance （r=0.267， P=0.008）. Cluster analysis based on salt tolerance， stem diameter， and plant height categorized the germplasms into nine groups： high salt tolerance-high yielding type （11 accessions）， high salt tolerance-medium yielding type （13 accessions）， common type （16 accessions）， medium yielding-medium salt tolerance type （12 accessions）， high yielding-salt sensitive type （16 accessions）， thin stem-medium salt tolerance type （9 accessions）， dwarf-medium salt tolerance type （9 accessions）， dwarf-low salt tolerance type （7 accessions）， and salt sensitive type （5 accessions）. This approach enabled the effective screening of 11 elite germplasm that combine high salt tolerance with high yield potential. This study establishes a comprehensive evaluation system for jute salt tolerance， integrating laboratory-based seedling screening and field-based trait analysis at maturity. It provides valuable germplasm resources and a theoretical foundation for breeding salt-tolerant jute varieties and utilizing saline-alkali lands.
Abstract: To evaluate and classify the salt-alkali tolerance of 79 Chinese kale samples during the germination stage， this study examined eight indicators including germination potential， germination rate， germination index， shoot fresh weight， vigor index， chlorophyll content， root length， and shoot length under three treatments： control check （ deionized water， pH 6.5）， salt stress （ NaCl ， Na+ 240 mmol/L ， pH 6.5）， and salt-alkali stress （NaCl + Na?CO?， Na+ 240 mmol/L， pH 9.0）. Principal component analysis， membership function analysis， comprehensive salt-alkali tolerance index D-value， and cluster analysis were conducted. The results showed that， compared with control check ， both salt stress and salt-alkali stress inhibited all germination indicators， with the most significant suppression observed in root length which decreased by 92.08% and 91.49%， respectively， and the coefficient of variation increased by 5.36 and 6.36 times. When comparing saline-alkali stress with salt stress， the proportions of varieties showing significant increases and decreases in different germination indicators varied. For germination potential， 44.30% of varieties showed a significant increase， while 24.05% showed a significant decrease. Meanwhile， 11.39% of varieties showed a significant increase， and 5.06% showed a significant decrease for root length. Based on the cluster analysis of the comprehensive salt-alkali tolerance index D-value， Chinese kale materials were classified into five categories： highly salt （salt-alkali） sensitive type， moderately salt （salt-alkali） sensitive type， salt （salt-alkali） tolerant type， moderately salt （salt-alkali） tolerant type， and highly salt （salt-alkali） tolerant type， with the number of varieties in sequence is 13 （14）， 19 （12）， 21 （27）， 19 （17）， and 7 （9）， respectively. Venn diagram analysis of extreme-type materials identified 12 highly double salt-salt-alkali sensitive types and six highly double salt-salt-alkali tolerant types. A comparison of eight relative indicators of four randomly selected highly double salt-salt-alkali sensitive type and four highly double salt-salt-alkali tolerant type materials showed that， except for relative shoot fresh weight and relative root length， the other six relative indicators of the highly double salt-salt-alkali tolerant type were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of the highly double salt-salt-alkali sensitive type. The results of this study provide an important resource foundation for the breeding of salt-alkali tolerant Chinese kale varieties and the identification of key stress-resistant genes.
Abstract: To clarify the genetic diversity of major phenotypic traits in the currently introduced foreign sugar beet varieties， 127 foreign sugar beet varieties were used as experimental materials for analysis of 18 agronomic traits. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships among various agronomic traits of these foreign sugar beet varieties， and superior sugar beet varieties were screened according to the results of cluster analysis. The results showed that， the genetic diversity indices of the 10 qualitative traits range from 0.6616 to 1.2689， demonstrating substantial diversity variation. The coefficients of variation for the 8 quantitative traits range from 3.76% to 83.90%，the coefficient of variation of disease incidence was the highest. Correlation analysis revealed that there were extremely significant positive correlations between root length and root width of sugar beet varieties， while a highly significant negative correlation was observed between incidence rate and vascular bundles number. Results of cluster analysis indicated that the 127 accessions could be classified into four distinct groups： GroupⅠ contained sugar beet varieties with high sugar content； GroupⅡ included varieties exhibiting high levels of both root yield and sugar content； Group Ⅲ featured varieties with the highest root yield， which could be extensively promoted and cultivated as high-yielding sugar beet varieties based on geographical conditions； Group Ⅳ comprised varieties with root yield lower than that of the other three groups， showing no distinct advantages.The results of this study provide a valuable reference for understanding the phenotypic genetic diversity of exotic sugar beet varieties and further screening high-quality varieties with high yield and high sugar content.
Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of Yulania cultivar resources through a comprehensive evaluation of their phenotypic diversity characteristics， establish a practical evaluation system， identify elite cultivars with superior comprehensive traits， and provide a theoretical basis for germplasm enhancement and targeted breeding. Sixty-six Yulania cultivars were used to examine 37 phenotypic traits. Phenotypic diversity and comprehensive evaluation were conducted using multiple statistical methods， including the coefficient of variation， diversity index， principal component analysis， membership function method， and cluster analysis. The results indicated a range of diversity indices （0.36 to 2.15） among qualitative traits and pseudo-qualitative traits， and coefficients of variation （8.20% to 30.02%） among quantitative traits. Correlation analysis of 10 quantitative traits revealed 42 pairs with significant （P<0.05） or extremely significant （P<0.01） correlations out of 45 combinations. For example， leaf length was significantly positively correlated with leaf width but significantly negatively correlated with tepal number. Principal component analysis extracted four principal components， including overall growth of vegetative organs， relative flower size， floral structure， and pedicel development， collectively accounted for 88.446% of the cumulative variance. This suggests that floral and plant architecture traits are key diagnostic indicators. Using the membership function method， the F-values of the 66 Yulania cultivar resources ranged from -1.97 to 2.40. Ten cultivars with outstanding comprehensive traits， including Frank's Masterpiece， Helmer， and Star Wars. Cluster analysis categorized the quantitative traits and cultivar resources into three distinct groups each. The R-type clustering results visually demonstrated trait associations， aligning with the correlation analysis. Q-type clustering divided the cultivars into three categories： Group I， comprising large-flowered arboreal types （63.64%）； Group II， comprising transitional types （18.18%）； and Group III， comprising small-flowered compact types （18.18%）. This study provides a basis and methodology for the systematic evaluation and efficient utilization of Yulania cultivar resources.
Abstract: To identify and evaluate the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits in 200 ancient tea tree germplasm resources from Lincang， 42 phenotypic traits were studied by means of correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results indicated that the 28 qualitative traits exhibited a rich degree of variation in the tested germplasm. There were significant differences in the genetic diversity indices of each trait， ranging from 0.056 to 1.106， with an average genetic diversity index of 0.670. The coefficient of variation of the 14 quantitative traits ranged from 5.03% to 34.30%， with an average of 20.97%. Correlation analysis revealed that most phenotypic traits were significantly or extremely significantly correlated. A total of 14 principal components were extracted through principal component analysis， with a cumulative contribution rate of 70.97%. They respectively focused on reflecting the characteristics of tea plants such as the number of ovary， corolla diameter， main vein downy hairs， leaf area， leaf length， leaf width， leaf size， length-to-width ratio and leaf shape. Based on phenotypic traits， cluster analysis was conducted. When the Euclidean distance was 20，200 ancient tea tree germplasm resources could be classified into four major groups. The main traits among each group were significantly different， and the cluster analysis did not completely rely on geographical distribution for classification. The research results show that the phenotypic variations of the ancient tea tree germplasm resources in the eight counties （districts） of Lincang city are rich， and the level of genetic diversity is relatively high， demonstrating good potential for the selection and breeding of high-quality tea tree varieties， providing a basis for the protection and sustainable utilization of ancient tea tree resources in Lincang.
Abstract: To clarify the genetic diversity of tea plant germplasm resources in Wangcang county， Sichuan province， and identify potential superior germplasms for new cultivar breeding， this study utilized a self-developed liquid-phase functional chip for tea plant to genotype 76252 SNP loci in 136 accessions. Combined with biochemical component detection and organoleptic evaluation， the genetic structure and quality characteristics of these local germplasms were comprehensively analyzed. Genome-wide association studies were further conducted to identify SNP loci and candidate genes significantly associated with quality traits. The results show that the tea plant germplasm resources in Wangcang county exhibit rich diversity and distinct regional characteristics. Among them， the ancient tea plant population from Daliang town is identified as a transitional type， rich in esterified catechins—especially epigallocatechin gallate. And the baked green tea produced from these plants demonstrates excellent quality， with a generally refreshing and high-aromatic profile featuring floral （or fruity） notes， and a taste characterized by sweetness， mellowness， and freshness. Based on 40326 core SNP loci detected， four candidate genes （γ-CA1， TPR5， MYB94， and UGT85A1） significantly correlated with the content of amino acids， tea polyphenols， and epigallocatechin gallate were identified. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the future development and utilization of tea plant germplasm resources in Wangcang.
Abstract: Taro ［Colocasia esculenta （L.） Schott］ ranks as the fifth most important cultivated tuber crop worldwide. Its germplasm resources consist predominantly of local landraces， which are frequently exchanged across regions and primarily propagated through clonal reproduction via cormels. These practices have resulted in high degree of genetic diversity coupled with often minimal morphological differentiation. Accurate identification and efficient management using conventional phenotypic descriptors alone remain challenging. To improve the precision and efficiency of germplasm management， we developed a molecular system based on genome-wide SNP markers. Based on previous resequencing data， we designed 695 primer pairs covering the entire genome for targeted resequencing. Using the primer set， 2317 high-confidence SNPs were identified across 193 taro germplasm accessions. Genetic clustering analysis grouped the accessions into six distinct clusters. Pairwise comparisons of SNP differences revealed that 79.57% of accession pairs exhibited genetic similarity values between 0.45 and 0.65， whereas eight pairs exhibited very high similarity （0.98）， suggesting the presence of putative duplicates or materials with highly similar genetic backgrounds. Furthermore， a core set of 17 informative SNP markers was selected to generate molecular fingerprints for all 193 accessions. These fingerprints， integrated with geographical origin and varietal type， were used to create unique molecular IDs for each accession. This study provides a robust and efficient approach for the accurate discrimination， precise identification， and digital management of taro germplasm， offering significant theoretical insights and practical applications for its conservation and utilization.
Abstract: To harness elite genetic resources from Gossypium mustelinum L. for the genetic improvement of upland cotton， a backcross introgression line （BC5S5） population comprising 71 lines was developed. This population was derived using Gossypium hirsutum B0011 as the recurrent parent and G. mustelinum as the donor parent. Phenotypic evaluation and quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping were conducted for eight fiber quality traits （fiber length， fiber strength， micronaire value， maturity of cotton fiber， fiber uniformity， short fiber content， fiber elongation， and the water content） and three yield traits （lint weight， single boll weight， and lint percentage）. The results indicated that lint weight and short fiber content are strongly influenced by genotype， while fiber length， fiber strength， fiber uniformity， fiber elongation， micronaire value， and lint percentage are more significantly affected by environmental conditions. Maturity of cotton fiber and water content are more affected by genotype×environment interaction than genotype. Most yield traits show weak correlations with fiber quality traits， but single boll weight and lint percentage are still significantly influenced by fiber quality traits. Among these， single boll weight exhibits significant correlations with micronaire value and fiber elongation， while lint percentage shows a significant correlation with water content. A total of 80 QTLs were identified， including 63 associated with fiber quality and 17 with yield traits， distributed across 21 chromosomes. A high proportion of these QTLs exhibited high contribution rates， with over 80% having a LOD value greater than 3.00 and high linkage recombination rates. Notably， five QTLs （qLW-A06-1， qMCF-A12-1， qFS-A13-1， qSW-A10-1， and qSW-D06-1） were stably detected across multiple environments. Furthermore， four pleiotropic loci （A10：88383565， D06：36287101， D06：55819963， and D13：60179605） were identified， all linked to short fiber content （SFC）. Eight QTL clusters were detected on chromosomes A01 （two clusters）， A10 （two）， A13 （one）， D04 （one）， and D06 （two）， each regulating multiple fiber quality and yield traits. The results of this study provide potential application value for cotton molecular breeding practice.
Abstract: The fruit browning of Luffa cylindrica can lead to deterioration in their sensory and nutritional qualities. Polyphenol oxidase （PPO） is a key enzyme oxidizing phenolic compounds and responsible for the browning process. Therefore， evaluating the fruit browning of Luffa cylindrica germplasm resources and systematically analyzing the PPO gene family can provide material basis and genetic resources for browning research. In this study， the fruit browning evaluation was conducted on 158 Luffa cylindrica germplasm resources based on the a*value in both 2022 and 2023， which identified 11 highly browning-resistant and 11 browning-sensitive germplasm resources. At the whole-genome level of Luffa cylindrica， seven PPO gene family members （LcPPO1-LcPPO7） were identified， which located on chromosome 6 and showed a cluster distribution. LcPPO1-LcPPO7 are all hydrophobic unstable proteins， located in the chloroplast and highly conserved. Correlation analysis was conducted between the gene expression of LcPPO1-LcPPO7 and the a* value. Only LcPPO3 showed significantly positive correlation with a* value， and it was highly expressed in the browning-sensitive germplasm resources. In addition， in the highly browning-resistant material Nuomi luffa（YN-20） and the browning-sensitive material Luo luffa（Z-37）， the gene expression of LcPPO3 and PPO activity showed significant differences， and compared with Nuomi luffa（YN-20）， the relative expression level of LcPPO3 and PPO activity in Luo luffa（Z-37） significantly increased with the extension of fresh-cut time， indicating that LcPPO3 is a key gene in the fruit browning of Luffa cylindrica. These results provide important material basis and theoretical basis for the study of Luffa cylindrica fruit browning and breeding of browning resistant varieties.
Abstract: The secure preservation of germplasm resources serves as a critical foundation for crop breeding, and developing efficient conservation methods for weak-growth accessions is particularly crucial. This study evaluated the growth recovery of 135 accessions of weak sweet potato germplasm. The plants were hydroponically cultured for 21 days and subsequently transplanted into a pot substrates for conservation, with their post-transplant growth performance systematically monitored. The results demonstrated that hydroponic treatment induced robust rooting in weak seedlings, with 71.1% of accessions producing 2–9 roots per plant and 92.6% exhibiting an average root length of 0.4–3.1 cm. Following transplantation, an 82.2% survival rate was recorded at 20 days. By five months, the plants displayed markedly improved growth，with 96% of accessions producing vine lengths exceeding 30 cm, accompanied by a significant increase in branch numbers and 91% attaining stem diameters greater than 3.0 mm. Virus elimination was applied to the hydroponically-rejuvenated accessions, achieving a success rate of 90.1%. The virus elimination significantly restored tuberization capacity of non-tuberizing conventional seedlings. This was marked by 82.4% of accessions with virus-free seedlings achieved a yield exceeding 1000 kg per mu (approximately 6667 kg/ha), whereas only 27.5% of conventional seedlings reached this level. By improving the survival of weak seedlings and securing a critical time window for subsequent virus elimination, this hydroponic rejuvenation technique establishes a reliable and viable method for conservation and rejuvenation of weak seedlings in sweet potato germplasm resources.
Abstract: The Rosaceae family includes many important economic and ornamental species. Thesomatic embryogenesis (SE) regeneration technology provides an efficient platform for plant variety improvement and molecular breeding. It also serves as a valuable system for studying cellular totipotency and embryo development mechanisms. This review summarizes recent advancesin Rosaceae SE research. We summarize the key factors influencing SE induction, including genotype, explant type, plant growth regulator combinations, basal medium composition, exogenous additives, and culture conditions. Molecular studies show that SERK, WUS, and AP2/ERF family genes regulate SE by controlling cell reprogramming, hormone signaling, and epigenetic dynamics. Nevertheless, Rosaceae SE still faces majorchallenges, including strong genotype dependence, low induction efficiency, and unstable regeneration systems. Future perspectives highlight the integration of multi?omics analyses, gene?editing, and epigenetic regulation techniques. Researchers need to dissect the SE molecular network further, optimize induction strategies, and develop novel inducers. These advances will overcome genetic transformation limits and promote molecular design breeding and germplasm innovation in Rosaceae plants.
Abstract: Frequent low-temperature stress in early spring occurs in the rice-growing regions of southern China, seriously restricting the stable production of Indica rice. Systematically exploring and utilizing elite cold-tolerant germplasm resources is therefore an urgent need for cold-tolerance breeding in Indica rice. In this study, 298 representative conventional Indica cultivars developed across different breeding eras in China were used to systematically evaluate 16 key cold-tolerance traits at the germination, bud, and seedling stages in an artificial climate incubator. Comparative and cluster analyses of cold-tolerance traits across eras were conducted to elucidate the evolutionary pattern of cold tolerance in Indica rice. The results showed that: (1) cold tolerance exhibited significant stage specificity, with weak correlations among the germination, bud, and seedling stages, indicating largely independent genetic bases; (2) cold tolerance has been progressively improved over breeding eras, and modern cultivars (A2000s) performed significantly better than early cultivars at all stages, with seedling survival rate increasing from 37.49-43.27% in early cultivars to 56.39%; (3) phenotypic clustering classified the cultivars into three groups and revealed a clear enrichment trend from Group III (intermediate type) and Group II (sensitive type) toward Group I (strong cold-tolerant type), within which modern cultivars accounted for 56.19%; (4) twenty elite germplasm lines with strong cold tolerance at the germination, bud, and seedling stages—such as Huangyue Simiao and Nan Tezhan—were identified from Group I and showed consistently superior performance across all stages. This study clarifies the stage specificity and breeding-era evolution of early cold tolerance in Indica rice, and provides elite germplasm resources valuable for breeding practice, offering both theoretical support and material foundations for the genetic improvement of cold tolerance and the development of new cold-tolerant Indica cultivars.
Abstract: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the devastating diseases in wheat production, and breeding disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control FHB. Wheat landraces are important sources of germplasm resources for FHB resistance. In this study, the FHB resistance of 311 core germplasm of wheat landraces from the southern winter wheat region of China was evaluated. Combined with the detection results of molecular markers for the reported major FHB resistance genes (Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, Fhb5, Fhb8, Fhb9, and QFhb.yas-2DL), the resistance effects of different resistance genes and their combinations were evaluated, and excellent new resistance sources without known resistance genes were screened out. The results showed that among the 311 landraces, 158 materials reached moderate resistance or higher, accounting for 50.80%;65 materials showed resistance in all three years, accounting for 20.90%. The results of molecular marker detection indicated that the number of materials containing the QFhb.yas-2DL resistance gene was the largest, with 278 materials, accounting for 89.39%. Gene effect analysis showed that Fhb1 had the strongest effect. In addition, 3 new FHB resistance source was screened out in this study, which can be used for the subsequent exploration of new FHB resistance genes/QTLs.
Abstract: In order to systematically evaluate the salt-alkali tolerance of Leymus chinensis germplasm resources, this study used 70 L. chinensis germplasms as materials. Under the stress of 60 mmol/L mixed salt-alkali (pH=9.5), 18 salt-alkali tolerance-related indices were systematically determined, including germination rate, root length, plant height, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters. Their relative values and salt-alkali tolerance indices were also calculated. The salt-alkali tolerance was comprehensively evaluated using methods such as genetic diversity analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis.
The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) of each trait ranged from 17% to 188%, indicating rich genetic variation potential. Correlation analysis revealed that significant correlations existed between multiple salt-alkali tolerance indices. Principal component analysis extracted 6 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 84.615%, and a comprehensive evaluation D-value was established to assess the salt-alkali tolerance of the resources. Cluster analysis classified the 70 germplasms into three types: salt-alkali tolerant type (15.71%), moderately salt-alkali tolerant type (18.57%), and sensitive type (65.72%).
Furthermore, a regression model for salt-alkali tolerance evaluation (R2=0.968) based on 6 key indices was established, which exhibited a good prediction effect after verification.
The excellent salt-alkali tolerant germplasms screened and the rapid evaluation model established in this study can provide a theoretical basis, material support, and methodological support for salt-alkali tolerance breeding of Leymus chinensis.
Abstract: China is the native country, resource-rich country and largest cultivation country of loquat. These messages have all gradually well known to the horticultural community and the general public. However, people are not very familiar with the historical and cultural background of loquat cultivation across the country and in each province. Up to now, Chinese people still often refer to Sima Qian"s "Records of the Grand Historian", which cited Sima Xiangru"s Shanglin Fu" that describes loquat cultivated in royal garden of Han Dynasty in the year 134, mistakenly believing that it is the earliest written record of loquats. However, most of Chinese people still don"t know that loquats" important position as a tribute item in history was recorded even earlier than Shanglin Fu": In 2004, Han bamboo slips unearthed from Songbai Village in Hubei Province, dated back to 170 BC, detailed a government order from the central government requiring the Shaanxi region to submit loquats as tribute. And it is the earliest record of loquat that we currently known and has been academically confirmed.
Abstract: Using a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line of Brassica napus carrying cytoplasm from Brassica oxyrrhina as the maternal parent, we successfully developed a stable CMS line in Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. parachinensis) through interspecific hybridization and six successive backcrosses, combined with embryo rescue and speed breeding approach. Comprehensive characterization of morphological traits, pollen fertility, seed-setting performance, and cytoplasm-specific molecular markers were conducted. Results showed that after six generations of backcrossing, the resulting CMS line exhibited typical floral morphology of Chinese flowering cabbage, with degenerated stamens (shortened filaments and shriveled anthers) but normally developed nectaries. Acetic acid-carmine staining revealed aborted pollen, characterized by small, round, anucleate grains staining pale brown. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the absence of sporopollenin deposition and the collapse of germination apertures in sterile pollen, consistent with classical CMS phenotypes. Field trials demonstrated complete self-sterility; however, open-pollinated plants produced an average of 12 seeds per silique, indicating high outcrossing compatibility. Furthermore, comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes enabled the development of a cytoplasm-specific KASP marker, KOX3, which reliably discriminates cytoplasm from Brassica oxyrrhina (C:C genotype) from other cytoplasmic types (T:T genotype). This novel CMS line provides a critical germplasm resource for exploiting heterosis in Chinese flowering cabbage, and the associated KOX3 marker offers a robust molecular tool for rapid cytoplasm identification and CMS line purity assessment.
Abstract: Crop gene resources are strategic resources that support the development of modern seed industry and national food security. Based on defining the connotation of gene resources, this paper clarifies their inherent characteristics, proposes key tasks and technical paths for gene resource mining in crops, and reviews the important progress made in recent years in key links of gene resource mining, such as precise characterization of germplasm resources, gene discovery, allele mining, and evaluation of breeding utilization value, and puts forward the main development directions of this field in the future.
Abstract: In order to understand the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of soybean germplasm resources in Northeast China, this study took 316 soybean germplasm accessions as experimental materials. Ten agronomic traits were analyzed using methods including coefficient of variation (CV), genetic diversity index (H'), and cluster analysis. The results showed that the CV of the 10 phenotypic traits ranged from 14.991% to 53.045%, and the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.705 to 2.929. Correlation analysis indicated that 100-seed weight had the strongest negative correlation with grain number per plant, while leaf length had the strongest positive correlation with petiole length. Cluster analysis divided the 316 soybean germplasms into 3 major groups. Group I contained 7 accessions, accounting for 2.215% of all germplasms, with core characteristics of obvious plant height advantage, high variation potential of 100-seed weight, and the best stability of branch number among the three groups, making it suitable as breeding materials for excellent plant type and yield. Group II included 12 accessions (3.797% of total), characterized by abundant and stable grain number per plant, shorter plant height (suitable for dense planting or lodging-resistant scenarios), and more branches, which could provide basic materials for excellent plant type breeding. Group III consisted of 297 accessions (93.987% of total), with core traits of high and stable 100-seed weight, excellent leaf traits, balanced performance of plant height and grain number per plant, and large variation in branch number. This indicated that Group III germplasms were rich in types and could provide broader materials for elite variety breeding. Ten excellent germplasms were screened out based on the comprehensive score F-value, which could be used as excellent parents for soybean breeding in Northeast China.
Abstract: The ‘Hamidazao’ jujube (Ziziphus jujuba ‘Hamidazao’) is an excellent cultivar and a local variety unique to Xinjiang. Investigating its genetic diversity is of great significance for the conservation of high-quality germplasm resources and the breeding of superior cultivars. In this study, 74 elite ‘Hamidazao’ jujube individuals were used as experimental materials. Thirty agronomic traits were measured and comprehensively evaluated through analyses of variance and cluster analysis. In addition, 11 highly polymorphic ISSR primers were employed for PCR amplification. The results showed that the coefficients of variation for agronomic traits among the elite individuals ranged from 5.99% to 30.09%, with genetic diversity indices ranging from 1.36 to 1.95. Based on phenotypic trait clustering, the 74 accessions were divided into five major groups at an Euclidean distance of 27.A total of 94 loci were detected using 11 ISSR primers among the 74 elite ‘Hamidazao’ jujube accessions, of which 75 were polymorphic loci. The average percentage of polymorphic bands per primer was 80.30%, with a mean observed number of alleles of 1.80 and a mean effective number of alleles of 1.35. The mean Nei’s gene diversity index was 0.21, and the mean Shannon’s information index was 0.33.Based on UPGMA cluster analysis, the elite ‘Hamidazao’ jujube accessions were divided into five major groups: Group I included the single accession HM56; Group II comprised HM57; Group III contained HM21, HM27, HM49, and HM64; Group IV consisted of HM22 and HM32; and the remaining 66 accessions were classified into Group V. The genetic distance among elite accessions ranged from 0.04 to 0.52, while genetic similarity ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. The combinations HM7 and HM8, as well as HM7 and HM11, exhibited the highest genetic similarity and the smallest genetic distance, whereas HM3 and HM56 showed the lowest genetic similarity and the greatest genetic distance.The study indicates that there is a certain degree of genetic variation among the elite ‘Hamidazao’ jujube accessions, with relatively abundant genetic information, providing a theoretical foundation for future utilization of ‘Hamidazao’ jujube germplasm resources and the breeding of superior cultivars.
Abstract: Dendrobium officinale is a medicinal orchid renowned for its rich polysaccharide content and significant health benefits, such as nourishing Yin, moistening the lungs, and enhancing immunity. Pectin methylesterase (PME), a key enzyme catalyzing pectin demethylation, plays critical roles in plant cell wall modification, growth, development, and stress responses. The activity of PME is finely regulated by pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). Investigating the characteristics and functions of the PME gene family in D. officinale is essential for improving its medicinal value and stress resilience. This study based on chromosome-level genome data of D. officinale,systematically identified the PME and PMEI gene family in D. officinale using a combined approach, revealing 46 DoPME (33 were classified as type I and 13 as type II) and 31 DoPMEI genes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped DoPMEs into four clades (A–D) and DoPMEIs into three clades (A–C). Conservation within clusters was supported by analyses of domains, motifs, and gene structures. Syntery analysis indicated that the evolutionary trajectory of these gene families aligns with early divergence followed by prolonged independent evolution in orchids, culminating in stability among closely related species. Expression profiling via qRT-PCR demonstrated tissue- and developmental stage-specific patterns, with the highest expression levels observed in roots, flowers, and perennial stems. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the DoPME and DoPMEI gene in D. officinale, offering foundational insights into their biological functions and potential genetic resources for enhancing stress tolerance and medicinal quality.
Abstract: To analyze the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits and construct a primary core collection of potato germplasm resources, 182 domestic and foreign potato germplasm accessions collected were used as research materials. Nineteen phenotypic traits were measured, and the germplasm resources were identified and evaluated using analytical methods including genetic diversity indices, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and systematic clustering. A primary core collection of potato was constructed via stepwise systematic clustering combined with priority sampling, and its representativeness was evaluated using coefficients of variation (CV), genetic diversity indices, and t-tests. Results showed that the genetic diversity index of descriptive traits ranged from 0.650 to 1.440, with the highest value observed in tuber flesh color. The coefficient of variation of numerical traits varied from 12.46% to 31.23%, where the reducing sugar content had the largest variation. The genetic diversity index was between 1.885 and 2.091, with the maximum value found in tuber yield.. Correlation analysis revealed significant or highly significant positive correlations between tuber yield and multiple traits, such as the number of branches and leaflet density. PCA extracted 8 principal components, accounting for a cumulative contribution rate of 62.326%. Cluster analysis divided the germplasm resources into 3 groups: Group Ⅰ had the highest average tuber yield, Group Ⅱ had the highest average reducing sugar content, and Group Ⅲ had the highest average starch content, providing a basis for the rational utilization of germplasm resources. The primary core collection of potato, constructed with a 30% sampling ratio, comprises 55 accessions (accounting for 30.22%). Combined with t-test results, the evaluation of the core collection confirmed that it has eliminated most genetic redundancy, fully retained the genetic diversity of the original germplasm, and exhibits excellent representativeness. The research findings indicate that the 182 potato germplasm accessions possess abundant genetic diversity in phenotypic traits. A primary core collection containing 55 accessions was established with a 30% sampling ratio, providing a scientific basis for the rational utilization and efficient research of potato germplasm resources.
Abstract: Soil salinization-alkalization is a widespread global issue, and cultivating salt-alkali tolerant plants is one of the important approaches for the remediation and management of saline-alkali land. In this study, 12 germplasm resources of?Brassica napus?L. were subjected to saline-alkali stress during seed germination using two alkaline salts, NaHCO? and Na?CO?, at a molar ratio of 9:1. Six concentration— 0 (CK), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mmol/L—were applied. The results showed that: (1) Under low-concentration salt-alkali stress, the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, root length, hypocotyl length, and vigor index of?B. napus?seeds showed no significant changes. However, high-concentration salt-alkali stress inhibited or delayed seed germination. The activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in seedlings increased with rising concentration but decreased at 50 mmol/L. Significance analysis indicated that 40 mmol/L is a suitable concentration for large-scale screening of salt-alkali tolerant?in B. napus?lines. (2) Using 40 mmol/L concentration, the salt-alkali tolerance of 87 core accessions of?B. napus were identified, there was abundant variation in salt-alkali tolerance, and nine tolerant germplasms were screened out. This study established a reliable method for evaluating salt-alkali tolerance of?B. napus?and identified tolerant germplasms, which provides methods and materials for the identification of salt-alkali tolerance and variety breeding of?B. napus, and lays a foundation for research on the molecular mechanism of salt-alkali tolerance in?B. napus.
Abstract: Chalcone synthase (CHS) genes represent a highly conserved gene family in plants. These genes have been found to be involved in regulating the growth and development of tobacco, but their potential roles in low-temperature stress and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in tobacco have not been reported. This study cloned its ortholog in tobacco and investigated the role of NtCHS in low-temperature stress and ABA biosynthesis through bioinformatics analysis, gene expression pattern analysis, assessment of stress tolerance in RNAi lines, and untargeted metabolomics analysis. RT-qPCR results showed that NtCHS exhibits higher expression in tobacco flowers and leaves, and its expression was strongly induced by both low temperature and ABA. The dual-luciferase assay revealed that the region from -623 to -1312 bp upstream of the NtCHS gene may contain key transcriptional regulatory elements for its low-temperature response. Silencing the NtCHS gene in tobacco significantly reduced its low-temperature resistance. For instance, in the NtCHS RNAi-silenced lines, the total flavonoid content was significantly decreased, while the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (?O2?), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were markedly elevated. Consequently, compared to the control, the NtCHS-silenced plants exhibited aggravated oxidative damage, ultimately impairing tobacco's tolerance to low-temperature stress. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that in the NtCHS gene RNAi-silenced lines, the content of the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) was significantly upregulated, while the contents of ABA precursors—neoxanthin (Neo), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and mevalonic acid (MVA)—were significantly downregulated. Furthermore, in the NtCHS gene RNAi-silenced lines, the expression of ABA biosynthesis-related genes was significantly downregulated, while the expression of ABA degradation-related genes was significantly upregulated. In summary, this study demonstrates that the NtCHS gene plays a crucial role in both low-temperature tolerance and ABA biosynthesis in tobacco, providing a novel target gene for breeding improved cold tolerance in tobacco.
Abstract: Root-knot nematode disease, a global plant root disease caused by parasitic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), severely impacts tobacco production. With the extension and application of resistant varieties against M. incognita and the deficiency of resistant varieties against M. arenaria, shifts have occurred recently in populations resulting in the prevalence of M. arenaria in Yunnan Province, which become the urgent issue to be solved in tobacco production. However, studies on root-knot nematodes mainly focused on M. incognita, with relatively limited studies on M. arenaria. Based on our prior research findings, one STARP molecular marker tightly linked with the resistant QTL was developed, and 18 positive tobacco germplasms were identified by the molecular marker detection conducted on 387 germplasm resources in tobacco. The 18 tobacco germplasms were subsequently used for the identification of resistance to M. arenaria under three different environments. Based on the results of phenotypic identification over 3 environments, 5 tobacco varieties or lines showing stable resistance to M. arenaria were identified, which were Coker 316, TI 706, SA1224, SA1215, and Y3. To our knowledge, it might be the first time that TI 706 and Coker 316 were identified as resistance to M. arenaria, while three germplasm resources of Coker 316, TI 706, and SA1224, could be used as resistance sources for resistance breeding, because of its stable and reliable disease resistance.
Abstract: Cannabis sativa, an ancient crop of significant economic value, is widely distributed across the latitudinal range from 23 to 51° N in China. This broad adaptability to different growing regions is attributed to the genetic diversity of Cannabis sativa in terms of flowering and maturity. As a typical short - day flowering plant, the latitude adaptability of Cannabis sativa is a core factor influencing the selection of planting areas and yield. Clarifying its latitudinal adaptability and flowering regulation mechanism is of great significance for the breeding and cultivation of industrial hemp. This paper systematically reviews the natural distribution, genetic diversity, latitude adaptability, and flowering regulation mechanism of Cannabis sativa germplasm resources in China, aiming to provide theoretical references for the introduction, new variety breeding, development, and utilization of industrial hemp.
Abstract: To screen germplasm resources resistant to wheat pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and explore the factors influencing wheat PHS resistance, this study conducted a two-year PHS resistance evaluation using 1,069 wheat germplasm resources. Additionally, the correlation between PHS resistance and agronomic traits was analyzed. Comparative results of PHS resistance indicated that red-grained germplasm exhibited significantly stronger PHS resistance than white-grained germplasm, and landraces demonstrated significantly better PHS resistance compared to foreign germplasms and cultivars. The correlation analysis between PHS resistance and agronomic traits revealed a significant positive correlation between PHS resistance and grain color (GC) as well as plant height (PH), while a significant negative correlation was observed with grain length (GL), grain width (GW), and thousand-grain weight (TGW). Ranked in descending order of correlation strength, the traits were grain color (GC) > plant height (PH) > grain width (GW) > thousand - grain weight (TGW) > grain length (GL). The distribution of PHS resistance levels indicated that the majority of the research population fell into the highly susceptible category, accounting for 52.9%. Among white-grained germplasm, the proportion of resistant germplasm with a resistance level of moderate resistance or above was merely 5.6%, while the proportion of highly susceptible germplasm reached 79.5%. Among landraces, resistant germplasm accounted for 29.7%, which was approximately twice that of cultivars and foreign germplasms. The distribution of PHS resistance levels varied across different wheat zones. The Qinghai-Tibet Spring-Winter Wheat Region (Ⅸ) and Xinjiang Winter-Spring Wheat Region (Ⅹ) had approximately 10% resistant germplasm, indicating the weakest resistance to PHS. The Northwest Spring Wheat Region (Ⅷ) lacked germplasm at highly resistant or resistant levels, showing poor resistance diversity and weak resistance to PHS. The Southwest Winter Wheat Region (Ⅳ) and Huang-Huai Winter Wheat Region (Ⅱ) had approximately 30% resistant germplasm, indicating relatively abundant resistance resources. Unlike other regions, the Northeast Spring Wheat Region (Ⅵ) and Northern Spring Wheat Region (Ⅶ) had the highest proportion of germplasm at the susceptible level, with resistant germplasm accounting for 21.9% and 23.1%, respectively, indicating relatively good PHS resistance. The Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley Winter Wheat Region (Ⅲ) and South China Winter Wheat Region (Ⅴ) had approximately 40% resistant germplasm, showing the strongest resistance to PHS. Through screening, a total of 11 red-grained germplasms exhibiting high resistance to PHS and 3 white-grained germplasms showing resistance to PHS were identified. The findings of this study provided a theoretical basis for understanding the characteristics of wheat germplasm resources in terms of PHS resistance and the factors influencing wheat PHS resistance. The screened resistant germplasms could serve as important resistance resources for research on wheat PHS resistance and breeding efforts.
Abstract: Broomcorn millet recognized as a pioneer crop in saline-alkali lands for its resilience in drought and barrenness field, with significant potential for ensuring food security in marginalized environments. In order to systematically evaluate the potential of wild and cultivated varieties of broomcorn millet in saline-alkali land, this study conducted a comprehensive assessment of salt tolerance at the seedling stage across 523 broomcorn millet germplasm resources from both domestic and international sources. The investigation was performed under controlled hydroponic conditions in light incubators, utilizing a predetermined 160 mmol/L? NaCl solution concentration to induce significant physiological stress and phenotypic variation. The result of this study showed that morphological traits with significant variation in salt tolerance coefficient (V) included total length with a root diameter less than 0.2mm, , alongside with root moisture content, leaf surface area stem moisture content and total root length with a root diameter between 0.2mm-0.5mm. Further correlation analysis underscored that root system characteristics were more critically linked to overall plant performance under salt stress than leaf parameters, as evidenced by a stronger correlation between plant dry weight and moisture content with root diameter and root branching angles, thereby highlighting the foundational role of root plasticity in the species' salinity resilience mechanism. Multivariate statistical approaches, specifically principal component analysis, were employed to distill the complex dataset, and has extracted seven principal components that collectively accounted for a high cumulative contribution rate of 85.198% of the total variance, with the first and third principal components predominantly composed of root diameter and root surface area metrics, respectively. The derived comprehensive salt tolerance evaluation value (D-value) for the entire 523 germplasm resources s followed a normal distribution within the range from 0.291 to 0.654. Geographic pattern analysis indicated that germplasm resources originating from Ningxia and Qinghai provinces generally exhibited better salt tolerance with higher D-value than other area, while the germplasm resources with higher coefficient of variation were originated from Shanxi, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia. Based on the application of the membership function method, the 523 broomcorn millet germplasm resources were systematically classified into five distinct salt tolerance categories: 59 cultivars were highly salt-tolerant germplasm resources (account for 11.28%, D=0.532~0.654), 40 cultivars were moderately salt-tolerant germplasm resources (7.65%, D=0.510~0.531), 69 cultivars were salt-tolerant germplasm resources (13.19%, D=0.481~0.509), 132 cultivars were moderately salt-sensitive germplasm resources (25.24%, D=0.439~0.480) and 223 cultivars were categorized as highly salt-sensitive germplasm resources (42.63%, D=0.291~0.438). Crucially, through stepwise regression analysis, the original 22 phenotypic indicators were effectively streamlined to six key predictive parameters for evaluating salt tolerance of broomcorn millet at seedling stage: total root length, plant dry weight, the proportion of lateral root branching angles between 30-60°, stem moisture content, the total root length of root diameters below 0.2 mm and above 0.5mm. Utilizing these core indicators, a highly accurate and predictive evaluation model for salt tolerance in broomcorn millet at seedling stage was established, achieving a remarkable validation accuracy of 93.55%. This model provides an efficient, reliable, and rapid screening tool for identifying salt-tolerant broomcorn millet germplasm resources, and facilitated a deeper understanding of the synergistic response mechanisms of the aboveground parts and roots of plants to salt stress behind these complex traits, thereby facilitating the selection and breeding of varieties for the productive utilization of saline-affected field, and contributing to sustainable agricultural development in challenging environments.
Abstract: Pear Valsa canker is a major disease on the sustainable development of the pear industry, and the identification and deployment of resistant germplasm represent key strategies for effective disease management. To assess resistance variation and identify elite resistant resources, we evaluated 105 pear accessions using a combination of in vitro branch inoculation and field surveys of natural disease incidence. Lesion length and disease severity index were used as core quantitative indicators, and comprehensive resistance classification was achieved through principal component analysis. The results showed that the pear germplasm resources to Valsa canker from Xinjiang and Central Asia exhibit rich diversity in resistance. A total of seven accessions (6.7%) were classified as highly resistant (HR), most of which were derived from Pyrus sinkiangensis (e.g., ‘Bayueli’, ‘Taxiamut’) and Pyrus betulifolia. Twenty-three accessions (21.9%) exhibited resistant (R) phenotypes, including ‘Heisuanli’, and ‘Lüli’. Another 23 accessions (21.9%) were identified as moderately resistant (MR), such as ‘Kuerle Huangsuanli ’, and ‘Aksu Jujuli’. In contrast, 39 accessions (37.1%) were categorized as susceptible (S), including ‘Huang Jujuli’,and ‘Bikai 1’, and 13 accessions were highly susceptible (HS), such as ‘Huocheng Donghuangli’ and ‘Zimonayeke’. These findings provide a robust scientific basis for selecting resistant parents in pear breeding programs and highlight the value of characteristic germplasm resources from Xinjiang and Central Asia for resistance improvement and germplasm innovation.
Abstract: Rice shattering trait is an important survival strategy developed during plant evolution, which is prevalent in nature and helps plants better adapt to the surrounding environment by facilitating seed dispersal and propagation. However, in agricultural production for the purpose of seed production, shattering has become a key factor restricting production efficiency. Excessive seed shattering leads to massive grain loss in the field and thus causes yield reduction, while insufficient shattering increases harvesting difficulty and costs. Neither of these two traits meets the requirements of large-scale seed production. To address this issue, this paper synthesizes years of practical experience and research findings in rice shattering identification, systematically sorts out the technical methods and operational procedures for shattering assessment, and formulates a comprehensive technical protocol covering panicle collection at the mature stage, identification equipment, testing procedures, shattering grading standards, and evaluation rules. It clarifies the technical specifications for identification operations, aiming to provide standardized technical support for the accurate identification of rice shattering trait in rice germplasm resources and related breeding practices. This protocol is applicable to the identification and evaluation of rice shattering trait in mature panicles of rice (Oryza sativa L).
Abstract: Rice direct seeding saves labor and time, but conventional cultivars often exhibit poor seedling emergence rate. This study aims to explore superior germplasm suitable for direct seeding in dry and water conditions, providing germplasm resources for the discovery of superior alleles and the new varieties of direct seeding. In this study, 203 germplasm accessions were evaluated based on key emergence-related traits, including shoot length, coleoptile length, mesocotyl length, first internode length, root length, and root number, under both dry and water direct-seeding conditions. Emergence performance was comprehensively assessed using the membership function analysis method. The three germplasms (CG14、Nanhui559、Shuhui505) with high seedling emergence were identified under dry direct-seeding. Under water direct-seeding, 26 germplasms demonstrated high emergence potential, including Minghui 78, Dehui 979, Mianhui 3728, Shuhui 527, and Shuhui 662. Meanwhile, 10 "dual-excellent" germplasms with high seedling emergence under both dry and water direct seeding were screened: HR2168, Chuanhui 332, Guanghui 198, Luhui 17, Mianhui 3728, Mianhui 501, Mianhui 725, Minhui 3301, Shuhui 137, and Shuhui 622. Notably, 10 accessions carried none of the excellent alleles of OsTPP7, OsPAO5, or OsUBC12, suggesting the presence of novel unexplored genes contributing to direct-seeding. This study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the germination ability of 203 germplasm resources under dry and water direct seeding, and identified 3 and 26 excellent germplasms under dry and water direct seeding respectively. Meanwhile, 10 germplasms were screened out with "dual excellence" adaptability to both dry and water direct seeding.
Abstract: To systematically evaluate coix germplasm across diverse environments and years, this study conducted a two-year field experiment (2023–2024) with 70 accessions at two contrasting altitude sites: Shimen (320 m, low altitude) and Luyang (750 m, high altitude). Seven key agronomic traits—plant height, stem diameter, tiller number, grains per plant, seed-setting rate, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield—were analyzed using variation, correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses. The results revealed rich phenotypic variation, with a significantly higher mean coefficient of variation at the low-altitude site (16.38%) than at the high-altitude site (12.63%), indicating greater phenotypic plasticity under lower altitude conditions. Most traits performed better at the high-altitude site, reflecting stronger ecological adaptability. Principal component analysis identified tiller number, seed-setting rate, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield as key traits influencing overall performance. Using a membership function-based comprehensive evaluation, 11 accessions with high adaptability across both altitudes were selected, among which YY17-33 (G70) performed most outstandingly, achieving an average annual grain yield of 307.14 kg/667 m2 and a seed-setting rate of 63.74% at Luyang. This study establishes a robust framework for multi-site, multi-year phenotypic evaluation of coix germplasm and provides elite genetic resources for breeding programs targeting different ecological regions.
Abstract: Phenotypic genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 442 foxtail millet cultivars (lines) in Shanxi Province to delineate their phenotypic variation and diversity. Phenotypic variation analysis showed that the genetic diversity indices?ranged from?0.1900 to 1.0246 for the 8 qualitative traits (all below 1.0000 except for grain color, GC),?and from?1.9613 to 2.0865 for the 15 quantitative traits (all greater than 2.0000 except for panicle length, PL, and the length of the penultimate leaf, LPL). The coefficients of variation ranged from 8.09% to 23.18%.?Notable variation was observed in?the grain number per spikelet (GNS), single panicle weight (SPW), and grain weight per panicle (GWP), whereas the thousand grain weight (TGW), heading date (HD), and growth duration (GD) were less variable. This disparity indicates significant differences and rich types among the tested materials. Correlation analysis uncovered complex relationships among the quantitative traits, where a notably strong positive correlation (r = 0.9676) was observed between single panicle weight and single panicle grain weight. Principal component analysis extracted five components, collectively explaining 78.46% of the total variance. Based on this, the comprehensive evaluation (F-value) ranged from 0.2099 to 0.8459; the accession “2017 K Ce 1” had the highest score, and “Taixuangu 29 ai” had the lowest. Cluster analysis categorized the germplasm into three distinct groups: Group I (intermediate type), Group II (tall and late-maturing type), and Group III (early-maturing type), with significant differences?observed among the groups. In conclusion, this foxtail millet collection possesses rich genetic diversity, providing a valuable resource for future genetic research and breeding programs.
Abstract: The genus Elytrigia (Thinopyrum) exhibit outstanding disease resistance and serve as important members of the tertiary gene pool of wheat. The exploration and application of disease-resistant genes from Elytrigia have provided critical support for the wheat improvement in disease resistance. As early as the 1920s, reports on distant hybridization between wheat and Elytrigia emerged. Over the past century, numerous disease-resistant genes have been identified in Elytrigia species and multiple disease-resistant germplasms have been developed by distant hybridization and molecular chromosome engineering and breeding of high-yielding and disease-resistant cultivars such as "Xiaoyan 6", which has made significant contributions to wheat breeding and food security. This article systematically reviews the general of Elytrigia genus species, the research progress on genes resistant to common fungal diseases such as stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, powdery mildew, Fusarium head blight, and crown rot, and summarizes advances in creating novel germplasm and breeding applications of disease-resistant genes through distant hybridization and molecular chromosome engineering. Furthermore, it discusses challenges in the exploration and application of disease-resistant genes from Elytrigia, and prospects future research directions. This review is structured into the aforementioned five sections, aiming to provide a scientific basis for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of exogenous disease-resistant genes and enhance their utilization efficiency in wheat breeding programs.
Abstract: Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are a class of large molecular GTPase proteins involved in cellular activities such as cytoplasmic division, organelle fission, membrane system transport, and post-Golgi trafficking mediated by clathrin proteins. This study identified a total of 14 DRP genes in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) genome, and analyzed their physicochemical properties, conserved domains, cis-acting elements, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns under abiotic stress using bioinformatics methods. The results indicate that OsDRP proteins are large unstable proteins, with subcellular localization in mitochondria, cytoplasm, and chloroplasts. The same subfamily are similar in the number and distribution of conserved motifs, domains, and exons, all containing Motif 1、Motif 2 and Motif 7. The OsDRP family has three large segment duplication events in its evolution, with Ka/Ks values both being less than 1, indicating purifying selection. The promoters of OsDRP genes contain cis-acting elements related to abscisic acid, auxin, low temperature, drought, light response, and plant growth and development. The qRT-PCR test indicated that the expression levels of OsDRP1E and OsDRP3A genes significantly increased under 4℃ and 20%PEG treatment, and they might be important genes in response to abiotic stress. OsDRP interacts with the clathrin adaptor complex and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, and the binding energy of OsDRP2A and OsDRP2B is -17.4 kcal/mol. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigating the gene functions of the DRP family in rice growth and development.
Abstract: Breeding disease-resistant rice varieties is the most economical and effective way to ensure rice yield and quality. Wild rice has retained many original traits that cultivated rice does not have due to its long-term survival in the natural environment. It contains abundant genetic resources and is an important gene pool for rice disease-resistant breeding. This paper introduces the characteristics and protection of three kinds of wild rice in China, and further describes the progress of screening of disease-resistant germplasm resources and identification and cloning of disease-resistant genes in wild rice. The distant hybridization, molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS), genetic engineering and gene editing breeding of wild rice were reviewed and analyzed. These contents hope to provide some reference for future research on disease resistance breeding of wild rice.
Abstract: Oryza granulata is one of China's three wild rice germplasm resources. Compared with Oryza rufipogon and Oryza officinalis, it exhibits more distinct scarcity and endangerment status and utmost importance in protection.At present, the research on the theory of wild rice protection and the development of protection technology were relatively lagging behind, which results in insufficient support for both ex-situ protection and in-situ protection.Based on the results of many years of experiments，the standard technical regulation for ex-situ conservation of oryza granulata resources in Hainan Province was summarized and normalized.It mainly includes terminology and definitions,the save procedures, field management, monitor,harvest,upgrading and revitalizing and propagation and multiplication,distribution,, management of germplasm information, so as to provide technical reference for ex-situ conservation of oryza granulata resources.The technical regulations are applicable to ex-situ conservation of oryza granulata resources in Hainan Province.
Abstract: Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), distinguished by exceptional genetic diversity and outstanding environmental plasticity, constitutes an invaluable gene reservoir for the genetic improvement of cultivated rice. Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is listed in the List of Class I Crop Diseases and Pests issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Harnessing elite resistance sources to breed broad-spectrum resistant cultivars represents the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy for managing this pathogen. Here,1018 O. rufipogon Griff.accessions collected from Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi were systematically screened against a panel of 42 predominant M. oryzae physiological races originating from Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Hubei and Jiangsu. When challenged with the Southwest composite inoculum (races pooled from Sichuan, Guizhou and Chongqing), 88 accessions exhibited resistance (R), 34 moderate resistance (MR), 124 moderate susceptibility (MS) and 772 susceptibility (S). Subsequent race-specific assays on the 122 resistant accessions revealed that 59 (48.4 %) conferred resistance to Hubei isolate B27, 73 (59.8 %) to the Jiangxi race mixture, 107 (87.7 %) to Yunnan isolate Q12 and 102 (83.6 %) to Jiangsu isolate C62. Iterative screening against all 42 races ultimately identified 59 accessions displaying broad-spectrum resistance, comprising 45 from Guangdong, 5 from Guangxi and 9 from Hainan. Notably, the proportion of broad-spectrum resistant accessions was significantly higher in Hainan (22.0 %) than in Guangdong (5.1 %) or Guangxi (5.4 %). These precisely characterized, broad-spectrum resistant wild rice resources provide an indispensable genetic foundation for future blast-resistance research and breeding.
Abstract: Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a representative crop in dryland agriculture and has been cultivated for
over 10,000 years. Wild broomcorn millet, widely distributed in fields alongside the cultivated broomcorn millet and in woodland
edges and grasslands across Eurasia, plays a crucial role in studies of broomcorn millet origin and domestication history. This review
summarizes the research progresses achieved in China in germplasm collection and conservation, identification and evaluation, and
genetic diversity analysis of wild broomcorn millet, and in the relationship between the wild broomcorn millet and cultivated
broomcorn millet, and proposes further project development and the core mission of collection, utilization and research of wild
broomcorn millet resources in China.
Abstract: In recent years, facility cultivation in watermelon has become one of the main ways in China, and dwarf germplasm resources have been of interest considering their application for their unique advantages in facility cultivation. Dwarf is one important agronomic trait in modulating plant architecture, and dwarf watermelon varieties are adaptable for high-density planting, mechanizing management and pest control, which can effectively reduce costs and meet the current needs of simplified watermelon cultivation. In this study, 14 dwarf germplasms, which were collected from domestic and foreign countries, were subjected for self-pollination with several generations to obtain homozygous inbred lines. Fourteen dwarf germplasms were subjected for diallel crosses, and F1 hybrids and derived F2 populations were analyzed for plant architecture related agronomic traits. Based on allelic tests for 14 dwarf germplasms, two types (class-I and class-II) on the dwarf phenotype were observed. The dwarf trait in class-I mutants d1, d2, d3 and d6 was controlled by the same recessive gene Cldw1, while the dwarf trait in class-mutants was controlled by another recessive gene Cldf. The F1 hybrid derived from inter-crosses between two classes were observed with long vine, and the segregation ratio of the vine type in F2 population was 9:3:3:1, thus confirming that the dwarf trait in two types of mutants were controlled by two different recessive genes. The analysis of different dwarf germplasm mutants in this study provided better understanding of watermelon dwarf resources, which has implication in breeding for new watermelon dwarf varieties.
Abstract: The allotriploid interspecies (BCC) were obtained by reciprocal crosses between Brassica carinata (2n=4x=BBCC=34) and Chinese kale (2n=2x=CC=18). The interspecies displayed a stronger growth than parents; the plant and flower type tended to parent B. carinata; and the flower color was the same as parent Chinese kale. Meiosis observation of the allotriploid showed that 9 bivalents and 8 univalents (9Ⅱ 8Ⅰ) were formed at diakinesis, and the two kind of chromosomes (B and C) tended to separate into two groups; at metaphaseⅠ, 9 bivalents of CC genome arranged on equatorial plane and 8 univalents of B genome distributed around the equatorial plane ; and at anaphaseⅠ, the distributions of chromosomes with 13/13 or 12/14 were in the majority. The obtain of this allotriploid (BCC) provides an important material for production of CC B alien addition lines and for study of chromosome homology between B and C genome.
Abstract: The project of “investigation of biological resources of agriculture in Yunnan province and its peripheral area”belongs to National Basic Task Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The project has passed the acceptance inspection from the Ministry of Science and Technology in May, 2012, after it has been carried out for 5 years. Yunnan and its peripheral area are low latitudes and high altitudes, also the concentrative areas inhabited by minority nationality people, where the species of agricultural crops are quite abundant, so are the biological and genetic diversity, as a result, the wild relatives of agricultural crops are plenty. In this paper, the authors have introduced the wild relatives of food crops, economic crops, vegetable crops and fruit trees collected in Yunnan and its peripheral area in order to provide basic information and scientific evidences for the researches and development, and constituting the national conservation policy of the diversity of wild plants and scientific researches.
Abstract: Abstract: tassel is an important reproductive organ of maize and the appearance of different kinds of maize differ in thousands of ways .molecular markers, tightly linked with tassel color, could be screened by genetic analysis and QTL mapping of the color of the maize tassel. these molecular markers can be used as an useful tool for maize variety protection and species identification. Mean while, higher pigment content of anthocyan in purple tassel is closely related to the insect resistance of maize tassel. In this study, a black SDM of maize inbred lines were used as a common male parent and respectively hybrid with the white maize inbred lines of wood and yellow maize inbred line Mo17 to build two F2: 3 groups, respectively named MuS (Mu6 x SDM), and MoS (, Mo17 ?SDM).these two groups were planted in two different environments in Yunnan and Chongqing, then conduct QTL mapping about two traits, the anther color (COAn) and the anther capes color (COCa). The results showed that: the anther color and the anther cape color are both quantitative traits, jointly controlled by major genes and minor genes. Seven QTL related to anther color are detected from the two groups in two different environments. They are located in chromosome 2,3,6 and 10.The QTL within marker interval umc1196a-IDP8526 on the chromosome 10 both expressed in Chongqing and Yunnan, and the contribution rate of the phenotype were 23.17% and 19.98%; nine QTL related to anther cape color are detected from the two groups in two environments, located in chromosome 3, 6, 9 and 10 .Among them, three QTL are environmental insensitive (they express in both two environments and the contribution rate are greater than 10%), which respectively in the marker interval umc1979-umc1796 mmc0523-umc2006 in chromosome 6 and the marker interval umc1196a-umc2043 in the chromosome 10 and the contribution rate of the phenotype ranges from 10.69% to 59.30%. The location and effect of the major QTL detected from these two groups have a high degree of consistency, and the major QTL controlling the two traits of anther color and anther cape color have the phenomenon of chain of distribution, mainly near the marker mmc0523 at bin6.04 and the marker IDP8526 at bin10.04. QTL that located on chromosome 6 and 10, and that are stable in different environments and genetic backgrounds can be regarded as the target sites used for further fine mapping. They can also provide a valuable reference for marker-assisted selection of maize tassel color.
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the phenotypic diversity of 18 characters on five main natural populations of Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum that were collected from three provinces Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou in China. The statistical methods used included nested variance analysis, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results revealed significant difference at most phenotypic traits among populations if compared to that within populations. The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient (VST) was 75.18%, indicating that the population diversity was largely contributed by the variation among populations. The average variation coefficient of the 18 phenotypic traits was variable from 6.36%–18.51%, with a higher degree of dispersion. PCA showed that plant height, length of ovary, scape height, length of maximum leaf, diameter of flower and length of synsepal were the main sources of phenotypic variation. Pearson correlation analysis showed that plant height, width of synsepal and width of dorsal sepal were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the majority of plant traits, whereas only the length of synsepal was extremely significantly correlated with geographic factors. Cluster analysis revealed three groups from the five populations, which could be explained by the geographic distribution. This study found that populations of Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum have high genetic diversity, and the variation between populations is much higher than that within the population. The phenotypic diversity indicates that wild Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum populations should be protected as much as possible. Moreover, it is recommended that germplasm is preserved in nurseries and libraries in addition to in-situ conservation, and that an artificial reproduction system is established enhance our conservation efficiency.
Abstract: Guizhou province is an important distribution area of wild allium, especially in Hezhang county. In order to understand and study the distribution, the wild Chinese chive in Hezhang county was investigated, and the main nutritional components were analyzed. The results indicated that there are mainly 3 kinds of wild Chinese chive distributed in Hezhang county, Allium wallichii Kunth., Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt.(tentatively named) and Allium hookeri Thwaites (tentatively named). . The geographical distribution, habitat and climate of the wild chives were investigated. Among 17 kinds of amino acids, except for proline, the contents of other amino acids in wild chives were higher than that of the cultivated chive. The sugar contents of wild chives were significantly lower than the cultivated chive. Among 9 trace elements, zinc and iron contents of Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt.were significantly higher than that of cultivated chives and other wild chives. Among 4 kinds of heavy metal, cadmium content in 3 kinds of wild chives exceed the limitation of national standard, especially the cadmium content in Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt. was significantly higher than the others. Content of arsenic, mercury and lead in Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mzt. also exceed the limitation of national standard; Vc content in leaves and stalk of Allium wallichii Kunth. in original habit was higher than that of cultivated chives. The biological characteristics and nutrition components of wild chives from Hezhang county were significantly different from that of cultivated chives, which will be important genetic resources for utilization and quality development of chives.
Abstract: The root system architecture (RSA) determines the composition of the root system and plays an irreplaceable role in crop growth and development. It is of great significance to analyze the genetic mechanism of wheat root architecture and the selection of varieties with better RSA traits in breeding for elite wheat varieties. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is an effective method to analyze the genetic mechanism of complicated quantitative traits (i.e. RSA) in wheat. In the study, GWAS for RSA-related traits(total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, average root diameter and number of root tips) were conducted in 160 wheat accessions from Henan and Shandong, which were previously genotyped by wheat 660K SNP chip. Twenty-three loci associated with RSA related traits were detected from chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6A, 6B and 7B, and each explained the phenotypic variation variable from 7.2% to 12.8%. Among them, eleven loci are found to coincide with the formerly-reported loci, and the remaining 12 loci are newly identified. Taken together, this study is of significance to uncover the genetic structure of the root architecture with a potential in future breeding of high-yield and stress-resistant wheat cultivars.
Abstract: To explore the main characters of the genetic features of sorghum panicle and evaluate the use value of material of latest introduction and cultivation of sorghum parents, thus providing theoretical basis for breeding of sorghum panicle and reference. Four sorghum sterile lines(13163A, 1358A, 128A and 407A ) and 6 restorer lines (9.1R, 213R, 272R, 381R, Dwarf182R and Early21R) were mated, the combining ability of main traits of F1 generation’s panicles was analyzed according to incomplete diallel cross(NCII). The results showed that the main panicle traits exist significant genetic differences, the main performance for the additive gene effect of genetic traits are: spike length, primary branches number, secondary branch number, grain numbe per spike; Narrow heritability size order are: secondary branch number > primary branch number > spike length> grain number per spike > grain weight per spike >1000-kernel weight. Different parent’s general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) is significant difference in different traits. Sterile line 407A and restorer early 21R, 9.1R which has better comprehensive characteristic, have great potential applications in production of hybrid combinations. Restorer 272R combined with lower spike grain number and small grains characteristics can satisfy the market demand for small grain sorghum. In-depth analysis of sorghum hybrid parent main panicle traits, is conducive to the further understanding and use of parent material.
Abstract: Abstract: Studies were conducted on the distributions of sugar and acids contents of 118 doses of peach accessions, which contain six cultivar groups in China, for providing reliable evidences of high quality peach breeding selection. In this study Soluble sugar was detected by fehling reagent. Titratable acidity was detected by NaOH.Sugar and organic acid compositions in 295 peach accessions were detected using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Result:1) Cultivars derived from Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, Southern China Contain high value of sugar compositions (fructose, sucrose), soluble sugar, total sugar, but those are low in cultivars of Northwest China. Cultivars of Changjiang River Region and Northeast China contain high value of fructose.Cultivars derived from North China Plain, Changjiang River Region and Southern China contain low value of titratable acidity , some acid compositions(citrale, quinate, malate) and total acid, but those are high in cultivars of Northwest China. Cultivars derived from North China Plain, Changjiang River Region and Southern China contain high value of SS/TA, SSC/TA and ‘Total sugar/ Total acid’, but those are low in cultivars of Northwest China, Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and Northeast China. 2) For sugar compositions in different cultivars, Ratio of ‘fructose to total sugar’ is the highest in Changjiang River Region cultivars, Northwest China cultivars have a high level of ‘glucose to total sugar’. The ratio of ‘sorbitol to total sugar’ is the highest in Southern China cultivars, but the Northest China cultivars have the lowest level. Ratio of ‘sucrose to total sugar’ have no significant difference in six ecological cultivar groups. For the analysis of acid compositions, Changjiang River Region cultivars have high level of citrale, but cultivars of Southern China have a lower level, which have the highest level of quinate. The ratios of succinic and malate acids have no significant difference in six ecological cultivar groups.
Abstract: Broccoli is an important cruciferous vegetable, it has a good anti-cancer effect, with the expanding cultivation area of broccoli and the developing of anticancer drug, the demand for broccoli seeds are increasing. Using male sterile line to produce F1 generation seeds is an important way to utilize of heterosis, but the cytoplasmic male sterile lines commonly used in production have the problems of the buds death are heavier in the early, nectar volume is less and seeds production are low. Our group makes excellent broccoli inbred lines as male parent. cabbage dominant genic male sterility material 79-399-3 and cytoplasmic male sterile material OguraCMSR3 629 as the infertility sources, we have obtained multiple dominant genic male sterile lines and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of broccoli through backcrossing method, in order to further effectively use of broccoli male sterile lines and search for better infertility sources, The the differences of the bud death numbers, floral organ structure and number of or frequecing bees visiting flowers among dominant genic male sterile（DGMS）lines，cytoplasmic male sterile（CMS）lines and inbred lines of broccoli 8554, 8590 and 93219 were studied. The results showed that the differences of the bud length, bud diameter, death buds of single branch, corolla diameter, stamen length, anther length, petal length, the times of visiting bees, the number of visiting bees and the time of bees staying on the flower between DGMS and CMS of lines 8554, 8590 and 93219 were significant. On As athe whole, above characteristics in DGMS lines were significantly better than CMS lines.
Abstract: Most agronomic charateristics and complex biosynthetic pathways are determined by the coordination of multiple gene expression ,and gene pyramiding molecular breeding combined with conventional breeding techniques have become the main means for the crop breeding.Gene pyramiding molecular breeding includes genetic transformation molecular breeding and marker-assisted selection molecular breeding. The research progress of crop genetic pyramiding molecular breeding in recent were reviewed. The research methods, the countermeasures on the existing problems of gene pyramiding molecular breeding were discussed and the prospects were described as well in this paper.
Abstract: Hengduan mountains lie in southwest of China,which is famous by the extending from south to north.There widely distribute wild Dactylis glomerata germplasm resources,which belongs to subspecies glomerata,and subspecies himalayensis.The distribution range of two subspecies is nearly the same,but much difference existed in the morphological characters and phenological development in two subspecies.Through hybridization of subspecies himalayensis and subspecies glomerata in artificial condition,triploid offspring may be obtained.But no definite evidence has been found that hybrid triploid offspring was existed by crossbreeding of two subspecies in natural condition.In recent decade years,many basal studies about the two subspecies have been done in China,but a few were about the protection and utilization.Thinking about the origin,it can be sure that subspecies himalayensis belong to natural origin ecotype,but subspecies glomerata was likely to belong to naturalization species.Because of the competing threat from the subspecies glomerata,it is necessary to reinforce the protection and utilization studies about the subspecies himalayensis.
Abstract: Barbarea vulgaris is an excellent cruciferous plant, particularly being ideal as a model species to study saponin biosynthesis, insect resistance, and coevolution of plants and insect pest. In order to make full use of B. vulgaris germplasm, the genetic diversity was analyzed among the 34 accessions conserved in the national mid-term gene bank for vegetables, based on the phenologic, morphological and insect resistance data from the field investigation. The results showed significant morphological diversity in B. vulgaris germplasm from Europe. Among the 34 accession, BV13-BAR13 bolted earliest, 47 days earlier than the latest bolting material (BV13-BAR9). Most of the B. vulgaris germplasm have glabrous leaves, strong tillering ability and more leaf numbers. The range and coefficient variation (CV) of the plant height, silique length and inflorescence length are the highest among all traits. Only 9 of 34 B. vulgaris are susceptible to the diamondback moth, most accessions are highly resistant to the pest. The clustering analysis showed that 34 accessions can be divided into 3 groups. The resistant and susceptible germplasm were distributed to different groups, reflecting their genetic relationships. Our research will provide useful materials and information for the genetic breeding of insect resistant B. Vulgaris and cruciferae crops.
Abstract: High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in the doubling haploids from stable cultivars and the crossing hybrids between different varieties of common wheat were analyzed to explore the possibility of improving the subunit compositions by anther culture and commercial crossing. Double haploids from five wheat genotypes of Alondra, Orofen, Xinchun9, Verry, and Bainong3217 were obtained by anther culture, and different hybrids were made each other from different wheat lines with different HMW-GS constitutions such as Xingchun9, Jing771, CB037, CS, Ningchun4, Bobwhite, and yangmai12 by crossing. Then, SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the populations of the doubling haploids and the crossing hybrids for HMW-GS combinations. The results indicated that frequent variation of HMW-GS happened in the doubled haploids with a rate up to 61.8% in the test genotypes, among which Alondra and Bainong3217 gave higher variation frequency than other three varieties, and several subunits might be new ones which are not present in the corresponding wild types, but need to be identified further. Comparing with the donor lines, the typical double haploids varied in HMW-GS were not changed in main agronomic characteristics such as plant height, growth period, and grain weight. In most F1 hybrids, the expression of all HMW-GS appeared to be co-dominant, but the expression of one or two HMW-GSs was did found to be suppressed in a few F1 crosses. Cytoplasm of female parents was found to have some effect on the expression of very few subunits in a few crosses. At the same time, 2-3 possible new subunits that did not exist in the parents were observed in the two crosses, Ningchun4/CB037 and Jing771/Ningchun4. By continuous self-crossing and tracing of the new subunits, stable lines expressing the putative new subunits were obtained from the two crosses mentioned above. Variation of HMW-GSs constitution or new HMW-GS can be induced by anther culture and normal cross. Co-dominant of HMW-GS expression did not definitely exist in all F1 crosses. Cytoplasm did effect the expression of HMW-GS in some cases. The present study is theoretical and practical valuable for the improvement of wheat processing quality and the further understanding of the genetic and structural features of HMW-GSs encoding genes.
Abstract: Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is an important oilseed and economic crop in China. Oleic content and linoleic content of peanut seed add up to 80%. Oleic acid is an important factor that affects physical and chemical stability and nutritional value of peanut oil. Breeding peanut variety with high oleic content is an important breeding objective of peanut quality to promote international competitiveness and meet domestic consumption demand since 2000. Increasing oleic content in peanut significantly improves the nutritional quality. In this paper, we summarize mutants of high oleic peanut, the genetic characteristics of high oleic acid content and analyse pedigree relationship of high oleic acid peanut varieties and developing methods. Our purpose is to improve high oleic breeding of China peanut.
Abstract: To understand the genus Fragaria resources distributed in the south of Qinling Mountain in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province of China, the wild strawberries were surveyed during 2019-2021 (latitude, 32°49′46″ to 33°19′38″; longitude, 106°09′23″ to 106°40′23″). The investigation sites include eight villages of three counties (Mengjiahe Village and Wangjiazhuang Village in Lueyang County; Erliba Village and Dashuya Village in Ningqiang County; Liziba Village, Lijiagou Village, Qiuqiya Village and Toudaohe Village in Mi'an County). A total of 57 wild strawberry accessions were collected in this survey. These accessions were identified and classified into three Fragaria species including Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlect., F. chinensis Lozinsk. and F. pentaphylla Lozinsk. (white-fruited), and two types including F. pentaphylla pink-fruited genotype and F. pentaphylla red-fruited genotype through botanical character observation and ploidy identification. Among them, F. pentaphylla was found to be predominant in population. These wild strawberries were found in the vertical space of 849 - 1352 m above sea level, such as mountains, forests, streams, roadsides, barren fields and rock walls. We provided the characters of the collected Fragaria species in detail, and proposed the suggestions on the protection and utilization of local wild strawberry resources.
Abstract: China is one of the major origin centres of Vitis species, and has lots of grape species and inherited resource in the world. There are 40 species, 1 subspecies and 13 varieties originated from China. According to the “description standard and data standard for grape (Vitis L.)”, taking a number of character index as a identification parameters, the genetic. diversity of 23 Chinese wild grape species were analysised by identifying botany characteristics and agronomic traits.The results showed that Chinese wild grape had rich diversity in main phenophase, young shoot down, young shoot color, blade shape, blade color, teeth, berry size, skin color, berry flavor, floral organs and so on, with abundant genetic diversity. It can provide reference for classification,evolution and breeding of vitis . It is suggested that “description standard and data standard for grape (Vitis L.)” for further revision and improvement, in order to adapt Chinese wild vitis resource diversity evaluation research.
Abstract: Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) widely mediated stress signal transduction, and plays an important role in the control of normal growth of human cells and in the promoting tumor cell development. At present, HSP90 has become forefront projects of cellular immunity, signal transduction and anti-cancer investigation. The physiological function of HSP90 start later in plant than in animal and fungi. Recent researches revealed that plant HSP90 plays an important role in development, environmental stress response and disease resistance. This paper discussed the molecular functions of HSP90, and systematically reviews latest progresses on molecular mechanism of plant HSP90 as well as improvement of plant resistance to facalitate broaden work.
Abstract: Leaf color is usually determined by the number, structure, and photosynthetic characters of the chloroplast. Isolation of the functional genes in leaf discoloration mutants of the C4 model plant foxtail millet and deciphering their functions is a way to disclose the regulation mechanism of C4 plant chloroplast biogenesis, development and photosynthesis. In this study, a stripe-leaf mutant t122 was identified from the EMS-induced mutant library of the foxtail millet variety Yugu1. The mutant t122 was observed with developmental retardation, and irregular white stripes on leaves. In contrast to the wild type, the significant decrease on the plant height, leaf length, leaf width, main panicle diameter, main panicle weight, and seed setting rate was observed in t122 mutant, whereas an increase on the panicle number per plant was detected. The photosynthetic capacity of t122 was impaired. By the leaf anatomy analysis, no significant difference in the distance between leaf veins, the number of cell layers between vascular bundles, and the cross-sectional cell area of leaves was observed in t122; however, an increased on the leaf cell length was detected. The ultrastructural observation of chloroplasts showed that, in t122 the chloroplasts showing functional structure were only detected in subsets of leaf cells. The segregation analysis suggested that the stripe-leaf trait of t122 was controlled by a single recessive nuclei-encoding gene. Using the method of MutMap, the candidate gene was mapped to the region of 24.0 Mb - 30.0 Mb on chromosome 3. Collectively, these results laid a good foundation for future cloning and functional characterization of the stripe-leaf gene in foxtail millet.
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