Abstract:Crop germplasm resources are not only critical to breaking through current bottlenecks in breeding and the development of the seed industry， but also vital to the sustainable and high-quality survival of future generations. The cause of crop germplasm resources is a long-chain systematic undertaking with public welfare and strategic significance. A review of the international development of crop germplasm resources reveals the following trends： germplasm collecting is moving toward diversified gap-filling development； germplasm conservation is advancing toward multi-dimensional and secure management； germplasm characterization is upgrading to large-scale and precise evaluation； germplasm enhancement is expanding toward targeted and diversified approaches； basic research is progressing toward in-depth and interdisciplinary exploration； and germplasm sharing is extending toward standardized and regulated practices. On this basis， this paper puts forward the priorities and development directions for the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources in China in the future.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of alkaline stress on leaf injury and seedling survival of japonica rice， and to clarify differences in alkaline tolerance among varieties from different geographic origins， a total of 437 japonica rice germplasm resources were evaluated for alkaline tolerance in an alkaline screening pool with a pH value of approximately 8.9 during 2016-2017， with repeated assessments conducted over two consecutive years. The dead leaf rate and dead seedling rate at the seedling stage were used as the primary indicators of alkaline tolerance. The results showed that both the dead leaf rate and dead seedling rate gradually increased with prolonged alkaline stress， and significant differences in alkaline tolerance were observed among different japonica varieties. The period of 15-25 days after alkaline stress treatment was identified as the critical stage for evaluating alkaline tolerance at the seedling stage， with higher phenotypic values， standard deviation， and coefficient of variation for dead leaf rate observed at 15 days， while those of dead seedling rate were higher at 25 days. Population-level analysis revealed a regional clustering pattern of alkaline tolerance. The dead leaf rates of materials from Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in the Northeastern rice-growing region of China were 55.45% and 55.04%， respectively， and their dead seedling rates were 28.79% and 26.19%， respectively， indicating stronger alkaline tolerance at the seedling stage. Additionally， 20 alkaline-tolerant japonica rice germplasm accessions， including Kongyu 131 and Jijing 105， were identified using a two-year mean dead seedling rate≤13.33% and dead leaf rate≤45.66% as the screening criteria， providing valuable genetic resources for the improvement of japonica rice varieties adapted to saline-alkaline soils.

Abstract:To explore the diversity of flax germplasm resources based on DUS test traits and address the insufficient adaptability of NY/T 2562-2014 Guidelines for testing of distinctness， uniformity and stability of new plant varieties - flax in the Northwest Plateau region， this study employed diversity analysis， correlation analysis， cluster analysis and principal component analysis to investigate the genetic diversity of 285 flax germplasm resources based on DUS test traits and screen regional standard varieties. The results showed that the coefficient of variation for 14 quantitative traits （including initial flowering stage， plant height， etc.） of 285 flax germplasm accessions ranged from 4.91% to 29.55%， and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index varied from 1.021 to 2.073. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index of seven qualitative and pseudo-qualitative traits （such as corolla color and seed coat color， etc. ） ranged from 0.225 to 0.991， indicating rich genetic diversity among the tested flax varieties. Correlation analysis revealed significant synergistic variation relationships among traits of different floral parts， as well as between plant type and technical length. Cluster analysis classified the 285 flax varieties into six groups at a Euclidean distance of 20.13. Group Ⅰ had a high number of capsules per plant； Group Ⅱ featured uniformly white filaments； Group Ⅲ exhibited intermediate phenotypic levels； Group Ⅳ had shorter technical length； Group Ⅴ possessed taller plant height； Group Ⅵ showed lower 1000-kernel weight. Principal component analysis extracted seven principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.502%. Finally， 20 representative flax varieties covering the full phenotypic code variation range of all 285 germplasm accessions were selected. This study provides a new perspective on the identification methods of flax germplasm resources and offers guidance for the regional selection of standard variety in flax DUS testing. In addition， by comparing with the UPOV DUS test guidelines for flax， this paper provides a reference for the revision of the national flax DUS test guidelines of China.

Abstract:To clarify the phenotypic variation of oil flax germplasm resources， we evaluated 525 domestic and foreign flax accessions via consecutive two-year field trials. A total of 7 qualitative traits and 17 quantitative traits were investigated for genetic diversity， correlation， principal component， and cluster analyses. The results showed that petal color exhibited the highest genetic diversity index （1.09） among qualitative traits， while stem base shape （0.35） and seed coat color （0.27） showed lower genetic diversity. For quantitative traits， seed weight per plant， number of fruits per plant， and 1000-seed weight presented high coefficients of variation （34.25%， 23.93%， and 20.48%， respectively）， indicating considerable improvement potential. By contrast， capsule diameter （3.37%）， oil content （4.76%）， and protein content （5.92%） had low variation coefficients and represented relatively conservative core traits. Correlation analysis revealed extremely significant positive correlations of 1000-seed weight and seed weight per plant with capsule diameter and oil content， whereas plant height and technical length were extremely significantly negatively correlated with these yield-related traits. Additionally， linolenic acid content was extremely significantly positively correlated with protein content and negatively correlated with oleic acid and stearic acid contents， and both plant height and technical length showed extremely significant positive correlations with protein content. All germplasm were classified into five clusters based on agronomic performance： Cluster I （73 accessions） with superior comprehensive agronomic traits for oil-use breeding； Cluster II （51 early-maturing， high-oil accessions） for high-oil variety development； Cluster III （192 widely sourced and highly variable accessions） for fiber-oil dual-purpose breeding； Cluster IV （108 local germplasm） for gene mining； and Cluster V （101 fiber-type accessions） for fiber flax breeding. Principal component analysis yielded five principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 73.47%， mainly reflecting yield- and quality-related quantitative traits. Ten elite germplasm including 1962 ROW 210 were finally screened based on comprehensive F-values. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for efficient utilization of flax germplasm resources， parental selection， and targeted flax breeding.

Abstract:To investigate the genetic variation in perilla germplasm resources across different regions of Guizhou and to facilitate the identification of superior traits and the breeding of high-quality varieties， this study analysed and evaluated 15 major quantitative traits in 348 perilla germplasm resources using methods such as genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， cluster analysis and comprehensive scoring. The results showed that the coefficients of variation for the 15 traits ranged from 4.44% to 56.70%. Among these， the coefficients of variation for seed weight per plant and total number of ears per plant were relatively high， at 56.70% and 53.30%， respectively. The genetic diversity indices ranged from 0.99 to 2.01， with the highest indices observed for seed weight per plant， plant height and number of main stem nodes， at 2.01， 1.85 and 1.77， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed 52 pairs of significant or highly significant correlations among the 15 traits. In particular， seed weight per plant was significantly positively correlated with plant height， stem diameter， number of main stem nodes， total number of ears per plant and stearic acid content， and was highly significantly positively correlated with oil content and growth stage. Principal component analysis identified six principal components， with contribution rates of 19.14%， 14.03%， 11.10%， 9.24%， 8.53% and 7.46%， respectively， accounting for a cumulative total of 69.50%. Cluster analysis divided the 348 perilla germplasm resources into four groups： Group I comprises short-stalked， thick-stemmed plants with numerous spikes and a long main spike， and high linolenic acid content； Group II comprises plants with numerous branches， early maturity， relatively high oil content， and a balanced fatty acid composition； Group III comprises early-maturing plants with notably high protein and oleic acid content； Group IV comprises tall-stemmed， high-yielding， late-maturing， with high oil and stearic acid content. The 13 unique germplasm resources selected from these four groups provide a material foundation for the precise and efficient breeding of perilla and the in-depth exploration of superior genes.Based on an evaluation using the composite F-score， 15 perilla germplasm resources with an F-score of ≥1 and excellent overall traits were selected； these may serve as a reference for future perilla breeding.

Abstract:Codonopsis pilosula （Franch.） Nannf. and Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta （Nannf.） L.T.Shen are two major medicinal germplasm widely cultivated in Gansu province， China. Based on distant hybridization breeding， 35 accessions of each parent along with 127 F₁ hybrid progenies derived from their cross were utilized as experimental materials. Thirteen morphological traits of roots， stems and leaves， along with the lobetyolin content in roots， were systematically measured and analyzed under indoor hydroponic conditions. The results demonstrated that the two parents exhibited no significant differences in the mean values of morphological traits， whereas C.pilosula showed a highly significantly higher lobetyolin content than C.pilosula var. modesta. However， the C.pilosula var. modesta population displayed a higher average genetic diversity index and average coefficient of variation than C.pilosula population. The F₁ population achieved the highest average genetic diversity index （1.56） compared to both parents， while its average coefficient of variation was lower than that of the parents， indicating a more stable phenotypic structure with reduced fluctuation amplitude. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed that the F₁ population formed a novel trait combination structure. Most above-ground traits exhibited significant mid-parent and transgressive heterosis， presenting positive transgressive segregation. Lobetyolin content was weakly correlated with morphological traits within the parental populations. Crucially， within the F₁ population， lobetyolin content showed highly significant positive correlations with root diameter， number of lateral roots， and root length （P<0.01）. This study reveals that although the morphological differences between the two parental varieties are limited， their hybrid progenies display abundant phenotypic variation and structural reconfiguration between quality and morphological traits， providing a theoretical basis for germplasm innovation and indirect selection of superior agronomic traits in C.pilosula

Abstract:OsWRKY70 is a key transcription factor in rice response to low-temperature stress. However， the genetic mechanism by which its natural variation regulates cold tolerance in rice remains unclear. This study analyzed the haplotype composition， population differentiation， and correlation with cold tolerance of the OsWRKY70 coding region based on "3K rice genomes project". The results showed that 26 SNPs exist in the OsWRKY70 coding region， constituting nine haplotypes， among which Hap1 （56.54%） and Hap2 （42.24%） were the dominant haplotypes. Population genetic analysis showed significant differentiation of this gene between indica and japonica rice subspecies （F_st=0.598）. Hap1 was identified as the characteristic haplotype of indica rice （accounting for 83.10% of indica rice）， while Hap2 was the characteristic haplotype of japonica rice （accounting for 98.71% of japonica rice）. They contributed 99.98% of the population differentiation index， indicating that this locus is an important site for differentiation between indica and japonica rice. Geographical distribution analysis revealed that Hap1 is mainly distributed in tropical and southern subtropical regions， while Hap2 is more common in high-latitude， high-altitude areas and regions with frequent low temperatures. Cold tolerance phenotypic identification showed that the average survival rate of Hap2 （51.86%） was significantly higher than that of Hap1 （4.73%）， indicating that Hap2 is significantly correlated with cold tolerance in rice seedlings， and this cold tolerance effect is more significant in the genetic context of japonica rice. This study clarified the association between natural variation in OsWRKY70 and differentiation between indica and japonica rice varieties， as well as cold tolerance. Five non-synonymous SNPs found between Hap2 and Hap1 provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of cold tolerance and the development of related molecular markers.

Abstract:To characterize phenotypic variation in soluble sugar content of soybean sprouts and to elucidate its genetic basis， we evaluated 188 improved soybean varieties from the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Soluble sugar content in germinated sprouts was accurately quantified in 2023 and 2024， followed by a genome-wide association study （GWAS） using SNP markers. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed， with soluble sugar content ranging from 1.67 to 20.94 mg/g and a coefficient of variation of 33.33% and 26.73%， indicating considerable genetic diversity for this trait. GWAS detected five loci significantly associated with soluble sugar content ［-log₁₀（P）≥5.86］ across two years， located on chromosomes 2， 10， 12， 14， and 18. Within these regions， 18 candidate genes were identified， with functional annotations enriched in carbohydrate metabolism pathways， including gluconeogenesis and trehalose synthesis， as well as cell wall biosynthesis. Expression analysis further showed that four candidate genes were differentially expressed between high- and low-sugar materials， supporting their potential roles in regulating soluble sugar accumulation. Overall， this study reveals the phenotypic diversity and genetic architecture of soluble sugar content in soybean sprouts from the Huang-Huai-Hai region. The identified loci and candidate genes provide valuable resources for functional marker development and marker-assisted breeding aimed at improving sprout quality.

Abstract:To clarify the phenotypic variation， genetic diversity， and population genetic structure of natural populations of Michelia macclurei in southeastern Guangxi， and to identify SSR markers associated with important phenotypic traits， this study used 120 superior tree resources collected from five natural populations in southeastern Guangxi as experimental materials. Thirteen phenotypic traits were measured， and genotyping was performed using 10 SSR primer pairs. Cluster analysis， population structure analysis， and a mixed linear model （MLM） were employed to evaluate genetic diversity and marker-trait associations. The results showed significant differences among the five populations in leaf morphological and physiological and biochemical traits. Among them， the BL population exhibited larger leaves and higher biomass， whereas the CW population showed significantly higher average malondialdehyde and free proline contents. The YL and LW populations showed the smallest phenotypic distance. A total of 77 alleles were detected using the 10 SSR primer pairs， with an average number of alleles of 7.70 and an average effective number of alleles of 3.72. The mean observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.53 and 0.66， respectively， and the mean polymorphism information content was 0.62. Among the five populations， the YL population showed the highest genetic diversity， whereas the high-altitude LW population showed the lowest. The average genetic differentiation coefficient among populations was 0.11， and average gene flow was 2.89. Genetic structure analysis indicated that the BL and YL populations retained relatively independent genetic components， whereas the remaining populations showed obvious genetic admixture. Association analysis detected six SSR loci significantly associated with phenotypic traits， with phenotypic variation explained ranging from 6.87% to 18.90%. Among them， locus M23 was significantly associated with multiple traits. This study revealed the genetic variation of M. macclurei in southeastern Guangxi， and the associated loci identified here can provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resources conservation， elite germplasm resources screening， and marker-assisted breeding of M. macclurei.

Abstract:Dwarf genes are key factors determining wheat plant height and lodging resistance， the widespread utilization of them has driven the global wheat Green Revolution. The identification and utilization of elite dwarf germplasm and genetic resources are crucial for the improvement of wheat breeding and industrial development. In this study， 2109 hexaploid wheat accessions from the National Crop Genebank， including landraces， cultivars， and introduced varieties were used as materials. By conducting field trials of plant height during 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 growing seasons and performing genotyping using a wheat 60K liquid capture SNP chip covering the whole genome， we performed genome-wide association studies （GWAS） using a mixed linear model （MLM）. The results indicated that the tested germplasm exhibited abundant variation in plant height， with highly significant differences among different germplasm types. From this panel， 320 semi-dwarf， dwarf and ultra-dwarf accessions with plant heights below 85 cm were screened. Based on two growing seasons phenotypic data and best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） values， four high-confidence association genomic regions were identified under Bonferroni correction. The associated loci on chromosomes 4B， 4D， and 2D co-localized with the classic dwarfing genes Rht1 （Rht-B1b）， Rht2 （Rht-D1b）， and Rht8， respectively， while a novel unreported locus， tentatively named QHt.caas-1B， was identified at chromosome 1B （Chr1B：332340447）， with a significant independent dwarfing effect. Haplotype analysis indicated that 91.1% of modern cultivars possess the dwarf-type allele of QHt.caas-1B， demonstrating that the locus is frequently utilized in modern breeding. Furthermore， 248 accessions carrying specific functional haplotypes H2 （Rht2+Rht8+QHt.caas-1B）， H3 （Rht1+Rht8+QHt.caas-1B）， and H7 （Rht1+Rht2+Rht8+QHt.caas-1B） were screened from the 320 semi-dwarf， dwarf， and ultra-dwarf accessions for use in breeding. Based on large-scale wheat germplasm resources， this study elucidates the utilization patterns of wheat dwarfing genes from a whole-genome perspective， providing valuable genetic resources and elite parental lines for wheat dwarf breeding.

Abstract:As a plant-specific transcription factor family， the TIFY family plays an important regulatory role in various plant physiological processes such as seed development， signal transduction and stress response. In this study， based on the soybean genome data， including combined with the transcriptome data related to seed development and seed size， we performed genome-wide identification and systematic analysis of the soybean GmTIFY gene family using bioinformatics approaches. Furthermore，candidate genes responsive to soybean seed size were mined through protein-protein interaction network analysis， qRT-PCR and comparative genomics. The results showed that a total of 26 differentially expressed GmTIFY genes were identified from the transcriptome data of soybean seed development. Combined with seed size-related transcriptome data， 16 candidate genes associated with seed size were further identified. Collinearity analysis revealed 12， 4 and 11 pairs of collinearity genes between Glycine max and Arabidopsis thaliana， Oryza sativa and Solanum lycopersicum， respectively. It was found that segmental duplication was the main driving force for the expansion of the GmTIFY gene family， and the evolutionary process of this family was subject to purifying selection. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that GmTIFY genes were exclusively enriched in plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Through homologous comparison， 11 core candidate genes related to seed size were further identified in soybean， and their interacting proteins were all involved in the regulation of seed size. qRT-PCR validation showed that at 20 days of seed development， the expression levels of eight genes were significantly higher in small-seeded soybean varieties than in large-seeded varieties， while the expression of one gene was significantly lower in small-seeded varieties， further confirming that these nine genes may participate in the regulation of seed size. The results of this study provide a theoretical references and genetic resources for dissecting the molecular mechanism of soybean seed size regulation and discovering candidate genes for high-yield breeding of soybean.

Abstract:Based on the reference genome of the hexaploid sweet potato variety Beauregard， a total of 67 IbCOMT family members were identified. Their physicochemical properties， subcellular localization， gene structure， conserved motifs， phylogeny， collinearity， and promoter cis-acting elements were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the number of amino acids of IbCOMT protein ranged from 192 to 721 aa， the molecular weight ranged from 21.01 kDa to 80.47 kDa， and the theoretical isoelectric point ranged from 5.13 to 9.44.The average coefficient of hydrophilicity of most members was negative， indicating that they were hydrophilic proteins as a whole. Phylogenetic analysis divided the IbCOMT family genes into two subfamilies， with members within the same subfamily showing generally conserved exon-intron organization and motif composition. The results of transcriptome expression analysis showed that IbCOMT58 was highly expressed in the aboveground tissues of sweetpotato， and its expression was significantly up-regulated under salt， ABA and drought stress conditions. The IbCOMT1 promoter fragment was used as a bait for yeast one-hybrid screening， and candidate binding factors such as ERF4， NF-YA10， MADS-box， bHLH81 and eIF5A were obtained. The results of point-to-point verification showed that the above candidate binding factors had strong binding activity with the bait fragment. Through the dual luciferase assay in vivo， it was further confirmed that MADS-box， ERF4 and NF-YA10 can directly bind to the IbCOMT1 promoter and play a transcriptional activation function. This study provides candidate genes and experimental basis for further exploring the function of IbCOMT family and the transcriptional regulation mechanism of IbCOMT1 in sweetpotato.

Abstract:The major cultivated varieties of adlay generally exhibit late flowering and excessive plant height， which are important factors restricting their yield stability and adaptability. Previous studies have identified that a 38 bp insertion variation in the promoter region of ClCCT is a key genetic locus regulating flowering time and plant height. To clarify the application potential of this variation in breeding， this study analyzed its pleiotropic effects on flowering time， plant height， stem， leaf， and grain traits using near-isogenic lines （NILs）， and conducted phenotypic verification and evaluation in a pyramiding breeding population. The results revealed that the 38 bp insertion variant in NILs markedly accelerated flowering and decreased plant height. Specifically， flowering was advanced by 32.3 d and plant height was reduced by 89.2 cm under long-day conditions， whereas a 20.3 d flowering advance and a 78.4 cm reduction were observed under short-day conditions. This variant also exerted regulatory influences on stems， leaves， and grain traits. Among the 65 early-flowering and dwarf lines obtained from the pyramiding breeding population， the frequency of the insertion-type allele reached as high as 72.31%. Under long-day conditions， compared with the heterozygous-type/deletion-type lines， the insertion-type lines showed a significant 5.9 d advance in flowering time， while no significant differences were observed in plant height， stem， leaf， and grain traits， indicating that under complex genetic backgrounds， this variation primarily regulates flowering time with limited effects on other agronomic traits. Integrating data from both populations indicates that the regulatory effect of the 38 bp insertion variation on flowering time is stable across different genetic backgrounds. Moreover， owing to the ease of detection， this marker can serve as an efficient tool for marker-assisted selection （MAS） of flowering time in adlay.

Abstract:Quinoa （Chenopodium quinoa Willd.） is a nutritionally complete pseudocereal containing all the essential amino acids required by humans. To investigate the accumulation mechanism of γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） during quinoa germination， we used quinoa cultivar M059 as experimental material， determined GABA contents at 12 h and 24 h of germination， and compared transcriptomic differences between these two time points.The results showed that the GABA content reached a peak of 24.47 μg/g at 24 h of germination， which was 2.27-fold higher than that at 12 h. Transcriptome analysis identified 1146 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 913 up-regulated genes and 233 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment analysis indicated 19 GO pathways closely related to GABA synthesis during germination. KEGG pathway analysis identified six metabolic pathways associated with GABA synthesis， among which the alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism （ko00250） and arginine and proline metabolism （ko00330） pathways were highlighted as the core metabolic pathways.The expression levels of the key genes CqGAD （LOC110718614） and CqALDH3H1 （LOC110709762） were up-regulated by 1.9-fold and 1.1-fold， respectively. Transcription factor analysis identified potential transcriptional regulatory relationships of key genes： CqSPL8 （r=0.77）， CqWRKY24 （r=0.91）， and CqWRKY6 （r=0.97） positively regulate CqGAD， while CqHSFC1 （r=-0.97） negatively regulates CqGAD. For CqALDH3H1， CqERF091 （r=0.89）， CqWRKY24 （r=0.88）， and CqTGA9 （r=0.91） positively regulate its expression， while CqABI4 （r=-0.91） negatively regulates it. Notably， CqWRKY24 serves as a common regulatory factor that positively regulates both CqGAD and CqALDH3H1. qRT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of CqSPL8（LOC110714232）， CqWRKY6（LOC110720931）， CqHSFC1（LOC110691034）， CqERF091（LOC110693708）， CqWRKY24（LOC110730454）， CqTGA9（LOC110684250） and CqABI4（LOC110699305） were consistent with the transcriptome data.This study demonstrated that the efficient accumulation of GABA during quinoa germination is the result of the synergistic effect of the GAD-catalyzed glutamate pathway and the ALDH-mediated polyamine degradation pathway， and WRKY family transcription factors play a key regulatory role. The findings provide a valuable reference for elucidating the key metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying GABA accumulation during quinoa germination.

Abstract:To clarify the structural characteristics of the JAZ gene family in rubber trees （Hevea brasiliensis） and their negative regulatory role in anthracnose resistance. This study conducted systematic resistance identification research on the HbJAZ gene family and its key member HbJAZ1 through bioinformatics analysis， expression profiling， and functional validation. Through homologous sequence alignment and conserved domain search， 10 HbJAZ genes were identified from the rubber tree genome， with all HbJAZ proteins containing typical Tify and Jas_motif domains， demonstrating high structural conservation. Chromosomal mapping analysis revealed that the 10 HbJAZ genes were unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes， with HbJAZ1 and HbJAZ5 clustered on chromosome 4， exhibiting distinct gene cluster distribution patterns. Analysis of the promoter cis-acting elements revealed that the HbJAZ gene promoter region is rich in light-responsive， hormone-responsive， and stress-related elements. Notably， HbJAZ1 contains a methyl jasmonate （MeJA）-responsive element， suggesting its potential role as a key regulatory node in the jasmonic acid （JA） signaling pathway. Transcriptome analysis combined with qRT-PCR results demonstrated that multiple HbJAZ genes exhibited significant responses to anthracnose infection in rubber tree anthracnose-resistant germplasm， with HbJAZ1 showing markedly upregulated expression to pBin308， implying its potential as a key negative regulatory factor. Further functional validation revealed that under methyl jasmonate induction， tobacco plants overexpressing HbJAZ1 exhibited significantly weaker disease resistance than the wild-type control pBin308， and the expression of JA signaling marker genes NbDEF1 and NbLOX1 was suppressed， indicating that HbJAZ1 plays a critical negative regulatory role in the JA signaling pathway. Subcellular localization studies demonstrated that HbJAZ1 was primarily localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Yeast two-hybrid experiments reveales direct interaction between HbJAZ1 and HbPP2C， a key protein in the ABA signaling pathway， suggesting its potential involvement in JA-ABA cross-regulation. This study elucidates the systematic characteristics and chromosomal distribution patterns of the JAZ gene family in rubber trees， clarifies HbJAZ1′s negative regulatory function in anthracnose resistance， and provides crucial theoretical insights into the JA signal-mediated immune regulatory network in rubber trees.

Abstract:The establishment and improvement of an efficient genetic transformation system for common bean is crucial for the exploration and utilization of its genetic resources， as well as for advancing the progress of molecular breeding. In the present study， the high-regeneration common bean germplasm small white common bean was selected as the experimental material. By conducting single-factor experiments， the optimal transformation conditions for three critical procedures， namely Agrobacterium infection， differentiation and regeneration， and resistance screening， were identified， which lays a foundation for developing a high-efficiency genetic transformation system for common bean.The results demonstrated that during explant preparation， removal of cotyledons， apical buds and radicles while preserving the connecting region between hypocotyls and cotyledons yielded the best effect. In addition， 30-second ultrasonic treatment of explants markedly enhanced the infection capacity and transformation efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Supplementing the medium with asparagine and glutamine also greatly improved the genetic transformation success rate. To further improve the regeneration performance of explants， the optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators and additives in the regeneration medium were determined： 8 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine （6-BA）， 60 mg/L adenine， 200 mg/L inositol， 20 mg/L allantoin， and 90 g/L sucrose. Under this optimal combination， the explants exhibited the highest regeneration rate， the longest regenerated shoot length and the best overall growth status. Moreover， 5.0 mg/L glufosinate was confirmed as the optimal screening concentration to effectively separate positive transgenic seedlings from negative ones.This study provides reliable technical guidance and a practical theoretical basis for constructing an efficient and stable genetic transformation system for common bean， and also offers an important reference for the establishment of transformation systems in other edible legume species.