Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important horticultural crop widely cultivated, and its growth and development are frequently adversely affected by abiotic stresses. SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors are a class of plant-specific regulators that recognize and bind to the SQUAMOSA region in the promoters of MADS-box genes, playing crucial roles in plant development and abiotic stress responses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the SPL gene family members in melon using bioinformatics approaches, and systematically analyzed their protein physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal localization, gene structures, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements in promoters, and expression patterns in different tissues. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to screen key CmSPLs genes that respond positively to drought and salt stresses. The results showed that the melon SPL gene family consists of 15 members, which can be classified into 6 subfamilies with relatively conserved gene structures and protein motifs. Promoter analysis revealed an abundance of cis-regulatory elements associated with light response, phytohormone signaling, stress responsiveness, and growth and development. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of most CmSPLs genes could be significantly induced by salt and drought stresses. Among them, CmSPL9, CmSPL10, CmSPL11, CmSPL14, and CmSPL15 might be the key genes regulating drought stress and salt stress. This study systematically revealed the molecular characteristics of the melon SPL gene family and its response to abiotic stresses, providing an important theoretical basis for further understanding the biological functions of CmSPLs in melon stress adaptation and stress-resistant breeding.