Soybean is an important source of plant protein and oil in diets of Chinese residents. Jiangsu province is one of the main soybean producing areas in China. Under the frame of the Third National General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources， 203 soybean landraces were collected from 35 counties in Jiangsu province from 2016 to 2019. In this study， the genetic diversity based on the phenotypic datasets at 25 traits were investigated. The abundant phenotypic diversity was observed with the diversity index of 12 morphological traits ranging from 0.0311 to 1.3800， and that of 13 quantitative agronomic traits ranging from 1.3850 to 2.0155. The 203 landraces were divided into five groups by cluster analysis. The phenotypic variation at each group was revealed， and the performance of the yield-related traits in IV group was superior. Principal component analysis suggested eight principal components that showed a cumulative contribution rate of 68.361%. The comprehensive scores of 203 soybean resources ranged from 0.140 to 1.385. According to the order of scores， seven elite soybean landraces in Jiangsu province were selected. Collectively， the present study unlocked the genetic diversity of soybean landraces in Jiangsu province， which provided insights for the germplasm innovation and breeding for new soybean varieties.