A comprehensive survey was conducted in 17 counties (districts) of Linfen City, Shanxi Province. Based on this, six counties with abundant germplasm resources were selected for systematic investigation and rescue collection. A total of 1,040 accessions were collected, with longitude, latitude, altitude, and crop type information recorded. Species accumulation curve was used to evaluate sampling sufficiency, spatial cluster analysis was employed to reveal distribution patterns, and altitude gradient analysis was applied to explore crop type transition patterns. The results showed that the species accumulation curve tended to flatten, with the observed species number (78) reaching the Chao1 estimated value, indicating sufficient sampling. The germplasm resources of Linfen City covered 29 families, 57 genera, and 78 species. Among them, grain crops comprised 646 accessions, accounting for 62.1% of the crop type composition. Fabaceae and Poaceae were widely distributed, present in all 17 counties, and together accounted for 60.67% of the total accessions. Along the altitude gradient, fruit trees accounted for 60% of resources in the low-altitude zone (<600 m); with increasing altitude, the proportion of grain crops rose to 73% (1,200–1,400 m); in the high-altitude zone (>1,400 m), the proportion of fruit trees rebounded to 45%. In addition to systematic collection of conventional resources, this survey also identified specific germplasm including 12 winter-hardy crop accessions, 47 wild resources, and 492 stress-resistant resources. The spatial distribution of germplasm resources in Linfen City was significantly influenced by altitude and topography. This study helps clarify the current status and distribution patterns of germplasm resources in Linfen City, and can provide a scientific basis for regional germplasm resource protection and utilization, as well as breeding of stress-resistant and high-quality varieties.