To explore the variation pattern of leaf phenotypic traits in Camellia drupifera Loureiro， and to provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resource improvement and new germplasm breeding， we selected 14 populations of C. drupifera from different distribution areas as research materials. Ten leaf phenotypic traits were measured and analyzed using multiple statistical methods. The results showed that some leaf phenotypic traits exhibited significant differences among populations and individuals， with abundant phenotypic variation. The coefficients of variation of the 10 traits ranged from 14.67% to 32.73%， with an overall average of 19.95%. Highly significant correlations were detected among most of the traits. Size traits including leaf length， leaf width and leaf area showed synergistic positive correlations. Leaf length-width ratio was highly significantly negatively correlated with leaf shape coefficient. Leaf thickness was relatively independent， and the leaf shape coefficient was negatively correlated with most morphological traits. Cluster analysis revealed that the 14 populations could be divided into two clusters， and the clustering results were in good agreement with the actual geographical distribution. Environmental factor correlation analysis indicated that latitude， mean January temperature， annual mean temperature and annual extreme minimum temperature showed significant or highly significant negative correlations with leaf size-related traits， which were identified as the key influencing factors. In contrast， longitude and total annual sunshine hours had no significant effect on any leaf phenotypic trait. Conclusively， there is abundant leaf phenotypic variation among different populations of C. drupifera with distinct geographic differentiation. Provenances from different clusters can be screened as high-quality breeding materials according to specific breeding objectives.