Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most widely consumed food legumes, playing a crucial role in improving and optimizing the dietary structure of residents. With the development of biotechnology, transgenic technology has become an important approach for breeding elite germplasm with high yield and strong stress resistance, while a stable genetic transformation system for common bean has not yet been established. In this study, Xiaobaido, a common bean germplasm with high regeneration ability, was used as the research material. Through single-factor experiments, the optimal genetic transformation conditions for the three stages of infection, differentiation and regeneration, and screening were clarified. Ultrasonic treatment of explants for 30 seconds significantly improved the Agrobacterium infection efficiency; the addition of asparagine and glutamine to the medium effectively enhanced the transformation success rate. Meanwhile, gradient experiments were conducted to determine the optimal concentrations of various medium components: 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) at 8 mg/L, adenine at 60 mg/L, inositol at 200 mg/L, allantoin at 20 mg/L, and sucrose at 90 mg/L, under which the explants exhibited the best regeneration status. A glufosinate concentration of 5.0 mg/L could effectively distinguish positive from negative transformed seedlings. The results of this study have important guiding significance and application value for establishing an efficient genetic transformation system for common bean.