The precise identification and efficient screening of high photosynthetic efficiency germplasm resources are critical steps to break through the bottleneck of crop photosynthetic efficiency, providing scientific basis for constructing a high-quality photosynthetic germplasm resource library. Therefore, the development of high photosynthetic efficiency Brassica napus and the establishment of an identification and screening index system under field conditions are important foundations for conducting high photosynthetic efficiency research. This study utilized methods such as "microspore culture/conventional breeding techniques + molecular marker assisted selection + rapid generation" to create high photosynthetic efficiency germplasm and doubled haploid (DH) populations, as well as some conventional varieties and hybrids as experimental materials. Field experiments were were conducted to measure 15 traits, including chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, grain yield, and aboveground biomass, across 84 test materials. These traits were evaluated through field measurements and laboratory examinations, combined with molecular marker analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and integrated assessments of photosynthetic and agronomic traits. The results showed significant differences in chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate between different genotypes; There is a highly significant positive correlation among chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, grain yield, and aboveground biomass. Cluster analysis was conducted on the four traits with high correlation coefficients, and the clustering results were consistent with the molecular marker typing results. In summary, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, grain yield, and aboveground biomass can be important indicators for screening high-efficiency germplasm.