China is the world"s largest producer of sweetpotato and also possesses abundant sweetpotato germplasm resources. However, progress in development of molecular markers and the identification of germplasm resource for sweetpotato has been relatively slow. In this study, based on genome resequencing data of sweetpotato germplasm resources, we selected suitable SNP loci and developed 18 KASP markers. Analyses of polymorphism information content (PIC) and minor allele frequency (MAF) showed that these 18 KASP markers exhibited good overall polymorphism. Using these 18 KASP molecular markers, genotyping was performed on 195 sweetpotato germplasm resources. Population structure analysis revealed that these germplasm resources could be divided into three groups: group G1 consisted mainly of domestic germplasm, while introduced germplasm was mainly distributed in groups G2 and G3. This grouping pattern was supported by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Molecular variance analysis and genetic differentiation analysis indicated a low level of genetic differentiation among the three groups, and gene flow analysis showed frequent genetic exchange between them. Among the 18 KASP markers, 11 markers were able to distinguish all 195 sweetpotato germplasm resources. These 11 KASP markers can be used as core molecular markers for sweetpotato germplasm identification. Fingerprinting was constructed for the 195 sweetpotato germplasm resources based on these 11 KASP markers. This study provides valuable tools and a foundation for the classification and identification of sweetpotato germplasm resources.