Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the devastating diseases in wheat production, and breeding disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control FHB. Wheat landraces are important sources of germplasm resources for FHB resistance. In this study, the FHB resistance of 311 core germplasm of wheat landraces from the southern winter wheat region of China was evaluated. Combined with the detection results of molecular markers for the reported major FHB resistance genes (Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, Fhb5, Fhb8, Fhb9, and QFhb.yas-2DL), the resistance effects of different resistance genes and their combinations were evaluated, and excellent new resistance sources without known resistance genes were screened out. The results showed that among the 311 landraces, 158 materials reached moderate resistance or higher, accounting for 50.80%;65 materials showed resistance in all three years, accounting for 20.90%. The results of molecular marker detection indicated that the number of materials containing the QFhb.yas-2DL resistance gene was the largest, with 278 materials, accounting for 89.39%. Gene effect analysis showed that Fhb1 had the strongest effect. In addition, 3 new FHB resistance source was screened out in this study, which can be used for the subsequent exploration of new FHB resistance genes/QTLs.