Maize landraces harbor rich and diverse genetic resources， which are of great potential value for broadening the genetic base of current maize germplasm resources and enriching breeding materials. Based on two years of phenotypic evaluation， the coefficient of variation （CV） and phenotypic diversity index （H′） for 40 traits （20 agronomic and 20 quality traits） across 90 maize landraces were analyzed， followed by clustering analysis. The results showed that the CV of 15 quantitative traits among agronomic traits and 20 quality traits ranged from 2.89% （total starch content） to 44.20% （lysine content）. Notably， 30 traits exhibited a CV greater than 10.00%， indicating substantial phenotypic variability. The H′ varied from 0.892 （ear shape） to 2.088 （ear height）. Among agronomic traits， five qualitative traits exhibited relatively low diversity indices （H′<1.2）， while nine quantitative traits showed relatively high diversity indices （H′>2.0）. Of the 20 quality traits， only six exhibited higher diversity indices （H′>2.0）. These results indicated richer phenotypic diversity for these 15 traits. Correlation analysis showed that plant height and ear height were significantly and positively correlated with the remaining 12 agronomic traits. The crude protein content， crude fat content and total starch content were highly correlated with fatty acid content and 16 amino acid content. Principal component analysis revealed that the 15 quantitative traits among agronomic traits with the highest contribution rates were plant hight，ear weight per plant， grain weight per plant， ear diameter and ear length. The 20 quality traits with the highest contribution rates were tyrosine content， isoleucine content， serine content， threonine content， proline content， and total amino acid content. These findings indicated that the ear traits and the six amino acid content traits were the main factors driving the observed genetic variation in these germplasms. Based on 15 quantitative traits among agronomic traits， the 90 landraces were classified into three groups. Group I is mainly high-culm and large-ear type resources， which can be used as the base material for the selection of sparse varieties； Group II resources are mainly characterized by lower plants and shorter ears， and the germplasm of this group can be used as the potential base material for the selection of high-density varieties； The main characteristic of group III resources is that the number of rows per ears is larger， which can provide excellent resources for the improvement of corn yield and related traits. When clustered using the 20 quality traits， the landraces were classified into three groups. Group I contained one high-starch germplasm. Group II contained eight germplasms，including four high-protein germplasms. Group III contained the remaining 81 accessions， among which 13 were identified as high-oil germplasms. These distinct germplasms provide potential material support for breeding specialized maize varieties with enhanced starch， protein and oil content.