Common vetch （Vicia sativa L.） is an annual or biennial legume with high protein content and strong adaptability under cold climates， drought conditions， and poor soil fertility. It is extensively utilized as a green manure and livestock feed， playing a crucial role in crop rotation systems. However， its systematic investigation， collection， identification and evaluation remain yet conducted to date in China. In order to explore its application potential and select high-yielding and superior germplasm varieties， this study collected 212 germplasm resources from the regions of Guizhou， Qinghai， Sichuan and Yunnan provinces， China. Field trials were conducted and phenotypic data was investigated for diversity analysis and identification. The results revealed a rich genetic diversity at 16 agronomic traits， with seed number per plant （SNPP， 70%） exhibiting the highest coefficient of variation. Correlation analysis indicated predominantly positive associations among most of the characters. Through statistical analysis between common vetch from different regions， maturity time traits was detected with extremely significant diversification between Guizhou and Sichuan， while variations at multiple trait were observed between Qinghai and Yunnan germplasm and other regions across multiple traits. Principal component analysis （PCA） condensed the 16 agronomic traits into five principal components， accounting for a cumulative contribution rate of 81.1%. The first principal component primarily encompassed yield-related traits such as grain weight per plant， grain number per plant， dry pod length， and pod number per plant， and the second principal component mainly represented grain size attributes including hundred-grain weight， grain length， and grain width. Three-dimensional cluster analysis based on PCA exhibited distinct phenotypic differentiation among germplasm from different regions. Germplasm from Yunnan and Qinghai formed separate clusters while those from Guizhou and Sichuan grouped together， indicating morphological trait similarities within Sichuan and Guizhou resources. Two elite germplasms were characterized by increasing number of pods and seeds， exhibiting the number of pods per plant exceeding 100， and SNPP surpassing 800. Two germplasms exhibiting large grain were identified， and one of them showed early maturity. These findings provide valuable resources and theoretical support for the conservation， utilization， and breeding enhancement of common vetch germplasm resources.