This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of fruit phenotypic traits in wild Camellia oleifera from various seed sources， as well as to provide a theoretical basis for selecting superior C. oleifera cultivars and improving genetic germplasm resources. Eight fruit phenotypic traits of C. oleifera were quantified and analyzed using various statistical methods， including analysis of variance， nested analysis of variance， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and cluster analysis. This study investigated 218 well-developed C. oleifera specimens from 16 provenances across nine provinces（autonomous region）， including Guangdong， Guangxi， Jiangxi， Anhui， Sichuan， Hubei， Hunan， Shaanxi， and Guizhou. The results demonstrated that the mean values of the coefficients of variation for eight fruit phenotypic traits of 16 provenances ranged from 12.03% to 35.08%. Notably， the mean value of the coefficients of variation between provenances （42.83%） was found to be greater than the mean value of the coefficients of variation within provenances （23.99%）. The mean value of the coefficients of variation of the phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 88.63%， indicating that there were abundant variation in phenotypic traits of different germplasm resources of wild C. oleifera fruits. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that there were significant positive correlations between fresh fruit weight， fruit height， fruit diameter， peel thickness， fresh seed weight， and the number of seeds per fruit. Conversely， there were significant negative correlations between peel thickness and fresh seed yield. The results of principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 90.773%， suggesting that the majority of the phenotypic traits of wild C. oleifera fruits could be adequately represented by the first three principal components. The first principal component primarily reflected the characteristics of fruit size， the second mainly reflected the characteristics of fruit seeding rate， and the third mainly reflected the characteristics of fruit shape. Cluster analysis revealed that the 16 provenances were divided into Ⅰ and Ⅱ classes at Euclidean distance 10， with further subdivision into subclasses at Euclidean distance 5. Class I is more convenient in terms of production and processing， while Class II is more advantageous in terms of yield and profitability. The phenotypic traits of wild C. oleifera fruits exhibited considerable diversity， and different groups of provenances could be selected as breeding materials according to breeding objectives.