Wheat grain, with rich nutrition and various end-uses in markets, provides diets in over one-third of the global human population. However, with the increasing influence of biological and abiotic stresses, such as threats of diseases and pests, environmental damages of drought, high temperature and salinization, the sustainability of global wheat production is under increasing threats. In order to ensure the global food security supply and demands for high quality food, increases on wheat production and quality require to constantly develop new breeding methods and germplasm resource used for wheat breeding. In the past decade, significant achievements on biotechnologies such as transgenic and genome editing provided tool boxes for wheat genetic improvement. To date, by deployment of transgenic and/or gene editing methodologies, modifications of desirable traits enabled producing new wheat genetic stocks showing disease resistance, stress tolerance, high quality, high yield potential, as well as growth and development modification. This review aims to summarize the latest research progresses on transgene and genome editing in wheat, and to explore the current problems and possible solutions.