By taking the opportunity of the Third National General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources, rice landraces were investigated and collected from different counties and cities in Anhui province, P.R. China. A total of 82 rice germplasms were collected and subjected for investigating their agronomic traits, rice blast resistance and grain quality. The results showed that rice landraces with glutinous or colored grain were abundant (glutinous rice: 56.1% of this collection; black or red rice: 34.2%). Thirty-four landraces represented good agronomic traits such as longer panicle length, high grain number per panicle, high seed setting rate and high 1000-grain weight, 17 landraces showing excellent blast resistance and 6 landraces showing high grain quality. Furthermore, these genotypes of rice blast, chalkiness and fragrance in these excellent rice landraces were genotyped by functional markers. As a result, a few of landraces including Daoba, Jiagouxiangdao, Sanlicun, Zhuanghonggongmi, Lujiangxiaohongdao-1 and Changlinuodao were identified simultaneously showing good rice quality, blast resistance and yield traits. The elite landraces provided material basis for breeding new high-yield, high-quality and disease-resistant rice varieties.