Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) exhibit a diverse range of flower types, with particular interest in the anemone type due to its high ornamental value, however, the genetic law of inflorescence traits and floret color remains unclear. Moreover, the disc florets in anemone-type chrysanthemums are known for their rich pigmentations, but whether or not they are correlated with the color of the ray florets has not been studied at present. In this study, Two hybrid combinations were designed to determine 11 inflorescence traits of F1 population. One white non-anemone-type chrysanthemum was chosen as the paternal parent, while two red anemone-type chrysanthemums were selected as the maternal parents. The analysis included a mixed genetic approach of major gene plus polygene. Genetic analysis revealed that flower diameter, ray floret length, ray floret width and number of disc florets were consistent with the 0MG model without major gene control. Disc flower diameter, number of ray florets, disc floret length, disc floret width and the longest lobe length were consistent with the 2MG-ADI model controlled by two major genes with add-demonstration-epistatic effect. Major genes for disc floret length and the longest lobe length had a heritability of approximately 70%, indicating high heritability. Correlation analysis indicates that there was a significant positive correlation among disc floret length, disc floret width and the longest lobe length. According to the color values (L*, a*, b*) of ray florets, F1 population were grouped into 5 different colors. The Shannon-Wiener index (H) of the ray florets of two hybrid combinations were 1.12 and 1.23, the colors varied widely. Additionally, we selected 30 anemone-type chrysanthemums with different colors from the parents and F1 population and measured the flower color values (L*, a*, b*) of inside epidermis of disc florets and upper epidermis of ray florets. Our results suggest a respectively significant positive correlation of L*, a* and b* values between the two. At the same time, 10 anemone-type chrysanthemums with different colors were sliced and examined. It was discovered that inside epidermis of disc florets and upper epidermis of ray florets & outside epidermis of disc florets and lower epidermis of ray florets possess the same pigment species as well as similar cell morphology and size, so that the color is similar. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic mapping of inflorescence traits and the cultivation of high-quality anemone-type chrysanthemum varieties.