Frogeye leaf spot is a global fungal soybean disease caused by Cercospora sojina K. Hara, and its prevalence is increasing in major soybean production areas, causing significant losses. Cercospora sojina mutates rapidly and evolves multiple physiological races with pathogenic differences, which results in resistance of existing cultivars being unable to meet production needs. Recent years, with the development of molecular biotechnology, research directions have been shifted from traditional resistant breeding to the analysis of pathogenic mechanism of Cercospora sojina and fine mapping of resistance gene for soybean frogeye leaf spot in order to obtain germplasm with broad-spectrum resistance. This article provides a systematic review on the identification of physiological races and pathogenicity of Cercospora sojina, inheritance of resistance and resistant breeding. We also explore the precise identification of disease phenotype, analysis of pathogenic mechanism, fine mapping of resistance gene, and resistant breeding, which provides reference for further research on soybean resistance to frogeye leaf spot.