Abstract:Maize is one of the most important crops in the world. Its yield accounts for 41.5% of China′s gross grain yield. Stalk rot seriously destabilizes maize production， reducing both yield and quality， and complicating mechanized harvesting. Furthermore， the pathogens causing stalk rot produce mycotoxins that contaminate roughage forage and hazard the safety of livestock. Up to date， more than 30 fungal species causing maize stalk rot have been identified， among which Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. are predominant in China. Common methods for assessing maize resistance to stalk rot include soil inoculation， root injury method， drilling inoculation， and toothpick method. Several germplasm accessions with stable stalk rot resistance have been identified from thousands of resources. Genetic analysis and gene mining resulted in identification and mapping of 46 resistance loci. Two genes， ZmCCT and ZmAuxRP1， have been cloned and their mechanisms have been explored. There are still few examples of resistant maize varieties with high yield and quality cultivated widely in production. This article reviews the advances in maize stalk rot resistance research， such as pathogen diversity and regional distribution， mycotoxins， identification of resistant germplasm resources， resistance genetics， gene mining and cloning， and mechanism exploration. current problems and future prospects are proposed， aiming to provide a reference for further research on maize resistance against stalk rot.

Abstract:Anthocyanins， a type of flavonoid polyphenolic compounds， are widely found in various plant organs and play a crucial role in maintaining programmed physiological activities. As natural edible pigments， anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants that can boost the human immune system and provide benefits such as vision protection and beauty promotion. bHLH transcription factors， as the second largest transcription factor superfamily in plants after MYB， play a significant role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. bHLH proteins not only directly interact with structural genes in anthocyanin synthesis but also form complexes with MYB and WD40 proteins to regulate the process. Their functions are influenced by environmental factors and hormonal signals. This article reviews the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， including summarization of their structural characteristics， their regulatory mechanisms， and the impact of external environmental factors and hormone signals on bHLH regulation during anthocyanin accumulation. We expect to provide a foundation for further research on anthocyanin regulation， color formulation， and horticultural plant breeding.

Abstract:China is one of the main distribution areas of the genus Fragaria with typical and unique wild germplasm resources. The utilization of these genetic resources will play an important role in germplasm innovation and industry development in strawberry. To figure out the taxonomy and distribution patten of the wild strawberry species in China， we conducted the investigation and collection research over a period of 8 years， from 2016 to 2023. A total of 172 wild strawberry accessions were collected from 26 counties of 10 provinces including Yunnan， Hubei and Heilongjiang etc.. According to their biological characteristics， the 172 accessions were classified into 8 species： F. pentaphylla （60 accessions）， F. nilgerrensis （42 accessions）， F. moupinensis （29 accessions）， F. vesca （8 accessions）， F. orientalis （5 accessions）， F. mandschurica （15 accessions）， F. chinensis （10 accessions）， and F. corymbosa （3 accessions）. The overall distribution could be divided into four major regions， the western China mainly distributed four wild species including F. pentaphylla， F. nilgerrensis， F. moupinensis and F. chinensis； the central China mainly distributed F. nilgerrensis and F. chinensis； the northern China distributed F. corymbosa； and the northeastern China mainly distributed three species such as F. vesca， F. orientalis and F. mandschurica. Also some specific wild resources were identified in our investigation， like F. pentaphylla with pink fruits， F. nilgerrensis with aromatic fruits， and F. orientalis with good flavor fruits， etc.. These findings given us a more impressive understanding of the wild strawberry germplasm resources， and provided valuable references for the conservation， utilization and scientific research of the resources.

Abstract:In order to explore the response of flower organ traits and lint percentage to high temperature， and to evaluation the breeding materials of Gossypium barbadense L. with high temperature tolerance， this study evaluated 5 traits （4 flower organ traits and lint percentage） of 534 Gossypium barbadense L. resources in Awati County in 2022， and then selected 36 materials with extreme traits.Statistical analysis showed that the variation coefficient of 534 Gossypium barbadense L. resources ranged from 8.57% to 26.56%.Correlation analysis revealed that style length was extremely significant positively correlated with the other 4 traits.In 2023， we conducted an enhanced temperature shed heat stress test on 36 previously selected Gossypium barbadense L. resources with extreme traits in Awati County and measured the performance of 23 phenotypic traits.The results showed that the 36 extreme resources showed different degrees of variation in agronomic traits and 14 traits showed obvious difference compared with the control.Principal component analysis identified 6 principal components， which accounted for 85.34% .Cluster analysis divides the resources into four categories： heat resistant， medium heat resistant， thermosensitive and highly thermosensitive.Correlation analysis confirmed the positive correlation between the effective boll number， the effective branch number and the heat resistance （comprehensive evaluation value）. Multiple regression analysis further showed that the goodness of fit between flower organ traits， lint percentage and pollen activity and comprehensive evaluation value was not high.This study provided important theoretical basis and germplasm resources for Gossypium barbadense L. breeding for high temperature tolerance.

Abstract:This study employed a genetic model incorporating genotype and genotype-by-environment interactions to evaluate the genetic diversity of 366 long staple upland cotton germplasm resources across two growing seasons. The analysis focused on five fiber quality traits and five yield traits. We assessed phenotypic genetic diversity using correlation analysis， cluster analysis， principal component analysis， and multiple linear regression analysis to determine the potential applications of each germplasm type. The results indicated that the coefficient of variation for fiber quality traits ranged from 1.34% to 11.80%， while for yield traits it ranged from 7.95% to 54.09%. The genetic diversity index for fiber quality traits ranged from 1.55 to 2.03 （average = 1.879）， and for yield traits from 1.42 to 1.99 （average = 1.782）. These findings highlight significant differences among the 366 germplasm resources and their diverse genetic backgrounds. Cluster analysis classified their germplasm resources into five distinct groups： Group I （63 germplasms） exhibited high boll weight， high lint index， and good uniformity； Group II （41 germplasms） had high lint percentage， high boll number per plant， and high lint yield per plant （representing high-yielding materials）； Group III （71 germplasms） had short lint length and low boll weight； Group IV （84 germplasms） had longer lint length， lower micronaire value， and higher breaking tenacity； Group V （107 germplasms） had the longest lint length， lowest micronaire value， and highest breaking tenacity （high-quality materials）. Based on the comprehensive score （F-value）， 18 superior germplasms were identified， including nine with a score higher than the control variety "Jinggang" （0.87）， four with scores between "Jinggang" （0.87） and "Zhongmian-3" （0.80）， and five between "Zhongmian-3" （0.80） and "Xinluzhong-87" （0.74）. Furthermore， we developed multiple linear regression models to predict lint length and lint yield per plant. This study contributes significantly to germplasm innovation and genetic breeding in upland cotton， with the identified superior germplasms serving as exceptional parental materials for enhancing local cotton fiber quality and yield potential.

Abstract:To understand sepal trait diversity and their impact on fruit appearance， this study investigated the diversity， correlation and clustering analysis of sepal traits in 200 pear germplasm resources. Results showed a U-shaped distribution of calyx abscission rates， with higher number of germplasm resources in extremely high and low rate groups. The sepal development process was divided into three stages： before （2-4 days after flowering）， during （5-7 days after flowering）， and after （8-10 days after flowering） abscission zone formation. Persistent and residue calyx germplasm resources exhibited aggregated and upright calyx postures. In Oriental Pear （including Pyrus bretshneideri Rehd.， P.ussuriensis Max.， P.pyrifolia Nakai， P. sinkiangensis Yü， hybrid breeding varieties ）， calyx-shedding fruit generally has no calyx convex， and the calyx convex on the persistent calyx fruit has little effect on fruit shape. The thickness and area of sepals varied greatly among different germplasm resources， although these characters did not reveal effect on fruit shape. Among 14 germplasms of P. communis L.， sepals are generally thin and small， with little effect on fruit shape. Analysis of persistent calyx abnormal fruit identified 33 varieties with varying degrees of abnormality， mainly oblique and protruding calyx fruit. The residual calyx abnormal fruit was oblique， indicating that sepal appearance affects fruit shape but is not the sole factor. Correlation analysis found extremely significant negative correlations between calyx abscission rates and calyx convexity. Cluster analysis divided these germplasm resources into four categories mainly based on calyx shedding rate （80.7%-100.0%， 16.6%-40.2%， 45.5%-78.5%， 0-11.9%）. These findings provide a reference for pear germplasm resource utilization and variety breeding.

Abstract:To explore the genetic diversity and relationships among the populations of genus Cotoneaster in the Western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang municipality， China， we analyzed the genetic diversity of 112 Cotoneaster plants from 15 wild populations using ISSR molecular markers. A total of 166 bands were amplified using 15 ISSR primers， of which 143 were polymorphic， yielding an average polymorphic ratio of 86.29%. The Nei′s gene diversity index （H） and Shannon′s information index （I） were 0.2124 and 0.3254， respectively. The genetic differentiation coefficient （Fst） among populations was 0.4259， and the gene flow （Nm） was 0.6740. These results indicated significant genetic differentiation among the wild populations of Cotoneaster， with a certain degree of gene exchange occurring between populations. Overall， Cotoneaster populations in the Western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang exhibited clear genetic differences and high levels of genetic diversity. At the population level， the Beishan Maoliugou population in Tekes County represented the highest genetic diversity. Clustering results revealed that most populations could be clustered according to their geographical locations， although some geographically close populations did not clustered together. These fingdings can provide an important reference for the effective protection and development and utilization of Cotoneaster germplasm resources in the Western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang municipality， China.

Abstract:To establish objective and scientific criteria for describing quantitative traits， we evaluated 85 Dendrobium varieties based on 20 quantitative traits， followed by statistical analysis using the least significant difference method and the range method to determine the grading range. The genetic diversity was assessed using the coefficient of variation， genetic diversity index， and correlation， principal component and clustering analysis. The results of K-S normality test showed that 15 quantitative traits， including plant size， pseudobulb length， pseudobulb diameter， blade length， blade width， pedicel length， pedicel diameter， flower longitudinal diameter， flower transverse diameter， middle sepal length， lateral sepal length， lateral sepal width， petal length， petal width， lip petal length， followed a normal distribution and were graded using the least significant difference method. Other traits， including number of flowers， peduncle length， peduncle diameter， middle sepal width， and lip petal width， were graded using the range method. The performance of each quantitative trait was stable within the varieties， and the variation among the varieties was rich， with the coefficients of variation of quantitative traits within and among varieties ranging from 5.44%-17.33% and 24.99%-124.03%， respectively. The genetic diversity indices of the 20 quantitative traits were between 1.16-2.05， indicating the suitability of this collection for quantitative traits grading studies. Correlation analysis revealed generally highly significant or significant correlation among these traits， with large absolute correlation coefficient values. Especially， the correlation coefficients between flower longitudinal diameter and flower transverse diameter， lateral sepal length， petal length， middle sepal length and lateral sepal length， petal length， lateral sepal length and petal length are all above 0.95， indicating a high degree of correlation. Such highly correlated traits could be reduced in the DUS testing process to improve efficiency. Principal component analysis showed the first two principal components accounting for 84.78% of the cumulative contribution， with the first principal component （73.54%） representing flower size， and the second （11.24%） representing the number of flower and plant height. The clustering analysis results showed that the 85 Dendrobium varieties could be divided into two groups at the Euclidean distance of approximately 60， which mainly reflected the differences in plant size， flower longitudinal diameters and flower transverse diameters. Moreover， the second group could be divided into two subgroups at the Euclidean distance of approximately 30， which mainly showed the differences in the number of flower and peduncle length. Combination of principal component and cluster analysis， the number of flower has a strong distinguishing ability among varieties and can be added as a grouping trait for DUS testing of Dendrobium.

Abstract:Broomcorn millet boasts numerous varieties and substantial genetic diversity in China， providing valuable parental resources for new varieties breeding. However， limited research has been reported on constructing core germplasm resources from this extensive resource pool. In this study， 490 broomcorn millet germplasm resources were categorized based on variety type and spike morphology. The square root proportion method was used to determine the number of samples， and cluster analysis was conducted with each group for 20 quality and quantitative traits. Combined with random sampling， a core germplasm collection was established. The representativeness of this core germplasm collection was evaluated by using mean， variance， coefficient of variation， genetic diversity and trait retention ratio， as well as histograms， principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to determine the consistency of all germplasm and core germplasm.Results showed that the constructed core germplasm of 55 broomcorn millet lines （11.22% of total germplasm） included 26 local varieties （47.28%）， 9 bred varieties （16.36%）， 9 wild accessions （16.36%）， and 11 foreign varieties （20.00%）. Significance analysis revealed no significant differences between the core germplasm collection and the entire germplasm in genetic diversity， coefficient of variation， variance， and mean of phenotypic traits ， suggesting that the established core germplasm collection effectively represents the entire germplasm.

Abstract:Baoshan City， which is located in the center of the global origin of tea plants， is renowned for its exceptionally rich ancient tea plant resources. It also serves as a core production area of Pu'er tea and Yunnan black tea. Research on the phenotypic and biochemical component diversity of ancient tea plants in this area is of great significance for the exploitation and utilization of high-quality tea plant germplasm resources， integration and protection， core collection construction and breeding of new varieties. In this study， we analyzed the diversity level of 50 morphology and chemical components of 73 representative ancient tea tree resources from Baoshan using coefficient of variation， genetic diversity index （H'）， difference analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the diversity index （H'） of 23 quality traits ranged from 4.135 to 4.277， with an average H' of 4.234. For 27 quantitative traits， H' ranged from 3.545 to 4.287， with an average value of 4.187. the coefficient of variation ranged from 7.88% to 153.13%， indicating extremely rich genetic variation for most traits. Correlation analysis of 27 quantitative traits showed that some traits showed significant or extremely significant correlation. Principal components analysis showed that the cumulative contribution of six principal components was 68.419%， with biochemical components， leaf traits， and flower traits being the main factors to tea plant variation. Comparative analysis of 21 quantitative traits with differences among different regions indicated significant differences in leaf traits， flower traits and biochemical components among ancient tea plants. Clustering analysis revealed that 73 ancient tea plant resources were divided into five clusters based on 27 quantitative traits. Specifically， Class I， Class II and Class IV were suitable for green tea production， while Class III and Class V were suitable for black tea and green tea co-production. Screening for 73 accession representative ancient tea germplasm resources identified 36 special accessions. Among them， six accessions were selected as high tea polyphenol germplasm resources （≥25%）， 29 accessions were selected as high amino acid germplasm resources （≥5%）， and one accession was selected as lower caffeine germplasm resource （≤1.5%）. This study provides basic germplasm resource information and a scientific basis for the effective development and utilization of ancient tea plant resources in Baoshan city， China.

Abstract:Global warming poses a serious threat to rice production and food security through increasing high-temperature stress. Identification of heat-tolerant genes and development of new heat-resistant varieties are crucial to mitigate the harm of high temperature. A set of RIL population， derived from the cross between the heat-sensitive variety Junambyeo （JNB） and the heat-tolerant variety Ganzaoxian58 （GZX58）， were developed to identify heat tolerance traits at the heading stage under natural extreme high-temperature stress conditions in 2022 year using a high-density genetic map. Natural high-temperature stress significantly reduced seed setting rate， with the RIL population showing continuous， approximately normal distribution， exhibiting highly significant correlations with control seed-setting rates and heat tolerance coefficients. Genetic mapping revealed six QTLs for spikelet number per panicle， filled grain number per panicle and spikelet fertility under control environment， and five heat tolerance QTLs （qHTSFI4， qHTSFII4， qHTC2， qHTC4 and qHTC6） under natural high temperature environment. These QTLs （qHTSFI4， qHTSFII4 and qHTC4） formed a major cluster qHTH4 on chromosome 4. High-density map analysis of extreme lines confirmed that qHTC2， qHTH4 and qHTC6 function in regulating heat tolerance with additive effects. The RIL lines stacking more than two major QTL had significantly enhanced heat resistance. Bioinformatics analysis identified 14 candidate genes within the target region， providing the foundation for the genetic improvement of heat tolerance and molecular characterization of underlying mechanisms in rice.

Abstract:Purple corn （Zea mays L.） is rich in anthocyanins and other functional phytochemicals， making it highly valued in the function food and pharmaceutical industries and contributing significantly to the economic benefits of the corn industry. To explore the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple corn， we identified 83 anthocyanin biosynthetic genes （ZmABGs） using a bioinformatic approach. These genes were classified into five groups using phylogenetic tree and were widely and randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoters of ZmABGs indicated that these genes may be involved in hormone signaling pathways and responsive to various stresses. Additionally， transcriptional analysis across different tissues revealed that more ZmABGs genes were expressed in pollinated organ samples than in un-pollinated ones， especially in the corn pericarp. qRT-PCR showed that the upregulation of regulatory genes （ZmPAP1-b and ZmLBD38-a） together with their target structural genes （such as ZmF3H-b， ZmDFR-b， ZmCHS-b， ZmF3′H-b， ZmPAL1-b， ZmPAL1-i and ZmC4H-c） might promote anthocyanin accumulation in the early developmental stages （10-34 days） of Zi 2-1. In contrast， the downregulation of these ZmABGs occurs at late developmental stages （34-46 days）. Collectively， our results provide insight into the genetic mechanisms and regulatory networks governing anthocyanin accumulation in maize， offering a theoretical basis for promoting the breeding of high anthocyanin maize varieties.

Abstract:Soybean ［Glycine max （L.） Merr.］ can form a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia for biological nitrogen fixation. Brassinosteroid （BR） as an important hormone regulates plant growth and development and negatively affects soybean nodulation. The function of brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 in symbiotic nitrogen fixation remains unclear. Therefore， analysis of the characteristics and functions of GmBRI1 gene family members is crucial for revealing their roles in soybean growth and development. In this study， six GmBRI1 genes were identified in the soybean genome by bioinformatics methods. They were unevenly distributed on four chromosomes， encoding proteins with 1136 to 1211 amino acids， of which leucine was the most abundant. These proteins were acidic and stable proteins. Phylogenetic analysis divided the GmBRI1 gene family members into three subfamilies， with highly similar gene structures and conserved motifs within each subfamily. Synteny analysis indicated that the family expansion resulted from fragment duplication events. Promoter analysis revealed multiple cis-elements related to light， hormone， stress response and growth and development. The number of potential phosphorylation sites in GmBRI1 proteins ranged from 111 to 132. Protein interaction network prediction identified 19 interacting proteins and 9 directly binding proteins involved in BR signal transduction. The GmBRI1 family genes expressed in both roots and nodules， and four genes GmBRI1a， GmBRI1b， GmBRL1a and GmBRL1b were down-regulated after rhizobia infection. This study provided a new theoretical basis for the functional research of soybean GmBRI1 family genes， highlighting their response during the early stages of rhizobium infection， and advances our understanding of their functions and mechanisms in soybean symbiotic nodulation.

Abstract:Identifying and mining resistance genes from germplasm resources is of great significance for molecular breeding of common bean， as few such resistance genes to wilt disease have been deployed in cultivars. By taking advantage of the former study that reported the identification of candidate resistance gene PvFWR1 （Fusarium Wilt Resistance 1） to common bean wilt， using a genome-wide association study and haplotype analysis， this study conducted further molecular characterization of PvFWR1. The PvFWR1 gene sequences from resistant genotype Tuheyaozidou and the susceptible genotype Longyundou No.3 were isolated. This gene harbors one single exon with a complete coding sequence （CDS） of 1104 bp encoding for 367 amino acids， and is annotated as a LRR-RLKs protein family member. Transcriptional analysis using RT-qPCR showed that the PvFWR1 transcripts in the root tissue of resistant genotype were 2.1-fold higher than that of the susceptible material. The expression in the root tissue of infected plants was significantly up-regulated upon pathogen inoculation. Knock-down of PvFWR1 in the resistant material using VIGS technology resulted in decreased resistance to pathogen inoculation， while overexpressing this gene in the susceptible material by deployment of the hairy root transformation method enhanced pathogen disease. Collectively， our results demonstrate that PvFWR1 is a resistance gene against Fusarium wilt in common bean， offering a foundation for elucidating the resistance mechanism and breeding use of this resistance gene.

Abstract:Exploring the Oleosin gene family in Cyperus esculentus and identifying key family members in oil storage are crucial for deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of oil accumulation. In this study， we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the Oleosin gene family members in Cyperus esculentus and other species using bioinformatics methods. The tissue-specific expression analysis of CeOLEs and functional verification were further carried out. Genome-wide analysis revealed six Oleosin gene family members （CeOLE1-6） in Cyperus esculentus， phylogenetically classified into three evolutionary lineages： U， SL and SH. These genes exhibited high expression levels in the tubers， but extremely low expression in roots， leaves， tillering nodes， stolons and other tissues. The expression pattern correlated strongly with the observed oil content， where tubers accumulated up to 24.68% oil content， while other tissues contained less than 1.00% oil content. Moreover， we found that CeOLE1， CeOLE2， CeOLE3 and CeOLE5 had higher expression levels， and their expression patterns were consistent with the rate of oil content changes in tubers （initially increased and then decreasing）. This indicates that these four genes may play pivotal roles in regulating oil accumulation in Cyperus esculentus tubers. Overexpression of CeOLE1， CeOLE2， CeOLE3 and CeOLE5 in Arabidopsis resulted in significantly increased seed oil content， thereby confirming the role of these four CeOLEs in oil storage.

Abstract:Quality traits are crucial for assessing forage quality， impacting directional improvement and variety breeding of forage species， and enhancing livestock production efficiency and sustainable animal husbandry. This study conducted QTL analysis on five nutritional quality traits including water soluble carbohydrate content， neutral detergent fiber content， acid detergent fibe content， phosphorus content and kalium content， in 150 F₂ individuals of sorghum sudangrass hybrid across four environments using interval mapping and a previously constructed high-density genetic linkage map. Candidate genes related to these traits were also identified within the confidence intervals. A total of 198 QTL were detected （LOD≥3）， with 16 QTL repeatedly identified across environments， These 16 stable QTL， contributing 8.8% to 13.7%， were primarily distributed on LG3， LG4， LG6， LG7 and LG8. Seven were major QTL （contribution rate≥10%）， including one for water soluble carbohydrate content， three for acid detergent fibe content and three for kalium content. In addition， 13 candidate genes related to quality traits were identified by gene prediction and functional annotation. Collectively， this study provides a theoretical basis and new insights for molecular breeding and functional gene research of sorghum sudangrass hybrid.

Abstract:Seed fennel is one of the important spices in Chinese marinade and barbecue. The lack of male sterile material severely limits the research process of breeding high-quality seed fennel varieties. In this study， male sterile materials （FvGZBY001） of seed fennel were obtained from local fertility varieties （FvGZKY001） of Guizhou province. We observated and identificated the sterility characters of FvGZBY001， and analyzed the difference of lipid composition between the two grains by LC-MS （liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry）. The results show that there was no significant difference in plant morphology in FvGZBY001 compared with the fertile material FvGZKY001， the filaments of FvGZBY001didnot extend significantly and no pollen grains in anthers. There were 7 types of 49 lipid molecule subclasses detected in the seeds fennel both FvGZBY001 and FvGZKY001， which are 1353 and 1351 kinds of lipid substance respectively. A total of 41 lipid substances with significant differences were identified among them， which 29 lipids were up-regulated expression in FvGZBY001 （mainly sphingomyelin） while 12 lipids was up-regulated expression in FvGZKY001 （mainly glycerol phospholipids）. LION enrichment analysis showed that 41 lipid substances with significant differences were mainly concentrated in 22 different lipid substances， which the predominant lipid substances were fatty acids with different carbon numbers. We presumed that fennel FvGZBY001 is NMS （nuclear male sterility）， and the sterility characteristics can be used in crossbreeding of fennel. The difference of lipid composition with FvGZKY001 can be used for the quality evaluation and utilization of its seed oil.

Abstract:Direct-seeding resistance in the field is a complex quantitative trait. Accurate phenotypic identification is critical to discover the genes and explore genetic basis for quantitative trait. The method of phenotypic identification of rice germplasm resources for direct seeding tolerance under field conditions has always been a technical problem of concern rice breeders. This paper addresses this issue， and on the basis of many years of field identification and research on the tolerance of rice germplasm resources to direct， it explores and optimizes the field identification system for direct seeding tolerance. The standard technical regulations for evaluating direct-seeding resistance in the field were summarized and normalized. It included general requirements， land preparation before sowing， seed preparation， sowing， fertilization，water management， prevention of diseases， pests and weeds， and evaluation of direct-seeding resistance in the field at seedling stage. The regulations provided technical reference for identification of direct-seeding resistance in the field at seedling stage in rice or other crops. It was suitable for the resistance evaluation of rice to direct-seeding during the spring in northwest region （from mid-March tolate June）.