Potato is ranking the world's fourth largest food crop on yield production, with an important role in ensuring global food crisis and malnutrition. Potatoes are shallow-rooted crops and sensitive to drought stress in arid and semi-arid areas. Cultivating drought-resistant varieties is thus of great significance to ensure potato yield in arid areas via improving water resource utilization. In this study, two treatments of normal irrigation and water deficit were set up, and the yield of each genotype of diploid potato population under different treatment was measured at harvest and the drought resistance coefficient was calculated. After quantifying the yield production under three environmental conditions and calculating the drought stress index using statistical analysis, significant difference analysis, correlation analysis, variance analysis and bioplot analysis, we found that the field experiment in 2020 and the drought-resistant greenhouse experiment in 2020 were suitable to reveal the drought resistance by mimicking mild drought stress conditions; the net greenhouse experiment in 2019 was suitable to mimick severe drought stress environmental condition. There were 58 genotypes with the same drought resistance level under the two different drought stress levels, accounting for 47.93% of the total population. Collectively, this study identified drought-resistant potato materials which laid a foundation for future research on isolation of important genes and dissection of drought resistance mechanisms.