Plant Seed oil is a kind of important storage-products, containing multiple fatty acids . Seed oil is both human foods and main industrial materials The development of metabonomics enables us to get a global understanding of biosynthetic pathway of seed oil and fatty acids. There were been a great progress in improving seed oil quality and values by gene engineering in past decades. In the present review, the complexity of regulatory mechanisms of seed oil and fatty acids synthesis was analyzed at both metabolic and gene-transcriptional levels. Several effective strategies were developed for increasing contents of seed oil and nutritional-value fatty acids, and for creating new type of plants which would accumulate high levels of industrial fatty acids in their seeds through transgenic technology. It was also discussed the current problems and prospects of genetic modification of plant seed oil and fatty acids.