In order to understand the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of soybean germplasm resources in northeast China， this study took 316 soybean germplasm accessions as experimental materials. Ten agronomic traits were analyzed using methods including coefficient of variation （CV）， genetic diversity index （H′）， and cluster analysis. The results showed that the CV of the 10 agronomic traits ranged from 14.991% to 53.045%， and the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.705 to 2.929. Correlation analysis indicated that 100-seed weight exhibited the strongest negative correlation with grain number per plant， while plant height showed the strongest positive correlation with internode length. Cluster analysis divided the 316 soybean germplasms into three major groups. Group I contained seven accessions， accounting for 2.215% of all germplasms， with core characteristics of obvious plant height advantage， high variation potential of 100-seed weight， and the best stability of branch number among the three groups， making it suitable as breeding materials for excellent plant type and yield. Group II included 12 accessions （3.797% of total）， characterized by abundant and stable grain number per plant， shorter plant height （suitable for dense planting or lodging-resistant scenarios）， and more branches， which could provide basic materials for excellent plant type breeding. Group III consisted of 297 accessions （93.987% of total）， with core traits of high and stable 100-seed weight， excellent leaf traits， balanced performance of plant height and grain number per plant， and large variation in branch number. This indicated that Group III germplasms were rich in types and could provide broader materials for elite variety breeding. Ten excellent germplasms were screened out based on the comprehensive score F-value， which could be used as excellent parents for soybean breeding in northeast China.