Cannabis sativa L.， an ancient crop of considerable economic importance， is widely distributed across a latitudinal range from 23 to 51°N in China. This broad adaptability to diverse growing regions is attributed to the genetic diversity of Cannabis sativa in flowering and maturity traits. As a typical short-day plant， its latitude adaptability is a core factor influencing planting area selection and yield. Elucidating this latitudinal adaptability and the regulation mechanisms of flowering holds great significance for the breeding and cultivation of industrial hemp. This review systematically summarizes research progress： （1） In terms of genetic diversity， key differences formed between wild and cultivated populations during domestication， along with the application of molecular markers in the analysis and evaluation of genetic population structure of Cannabis sativa， have been clarified； （2） Studies on latitudinal adaptability have focused on north-south introduction practices， revealing that variation in photoperiod response are the key factor affecting latitudinal adaptability； （3） The regulation of flowering time is primarily governed by the photoperiod pathway， with several photoperiod-related functional genes identified and the genetic basis of photoperiod insensitivity gradually being unveiled. Other pathways， such as vernalization and aging， also participate， forming a complex regulatory network. This paper aims to provide theoretical references and technical guidance for the introduction， breeding， and development of new varieties of industrial hemp.