Phenotypic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation were conducted on 442 foxtail millet varieties （lines） in Shanxi province to delineate their phenotypic variation and diversity. Analysis of the eight qualitative traits revealed that the genetic diversity index ranged from 0.1900 to 1.0246， with only grain color greater than 1.0000. For the 15 quantitative traits， the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.9613 to 2.0865， all greater than 2.0000 except for panicle length and the length of the penultimate leaf. The coefficients of variation for quantitative traits ranged from 8.09% to 23.18%. Higher variation was observed in grain number per spikelet， single panicle weight， and grain weight per panicle， while lower variation was noted for the width of the penultimate leaf， thousand-grain weight， heading date， and growth duration. These results indicate substantial phenotypic diversity among the accessions. Correlation analysis revealed complex relationships among the quantitative traits， including a highly significant positive correlation （r = 0.9676， P < 0.001） between single panicle weight and grain weight per panicle. Principal component analysis extracted five principal components， accounting for 78.46% of the total variance. Based on these components， comprehensive evaluation scores （F-values） ranged from 0.2099 to 0.8549， with 2017 K Ce 1 being the highest and Taixuangu 29 Ai the lowest. Cluster analysis classified the 442 varieties （lines） into three groups： Group I （intermediate type）， Group II （tall and late-maturing type）， and Group III （early-maturing type）， with significant differences observed among the groups. This study provides valuable germplasm resources and theoretical basis for future genetic research， germplasm innovation， and breeding practice.