Soybean is a crucial global grain and oilseed crop， and research on the genetic diversity of its germplasm resources is vital for breeding programs. This study evaluated 2205 soybean germplasm accessions of domestic and foreign origins. Through three consecutive years of field trials， we systematically analyzed the genetic diversity and variation patterns of 20 phenotypic traits and conducted a comprehensive evaluation. The results revealed that the coefficients of variation （CV） for qualitative traits ranged from 12.30% to 64.35%， with seed color showing the highest variation. Mature pod color， hilum color， and lodging resistance exhibited rich genetic diversity （diversity index>1）. For quantitative traits， the CV ranged from 5.18% to 52.67%. Protein content， oil content， and days to maturity showed minimal variation， indicating relatively stable inheritance， while the number of productive branches， seeds number per plant， bottom pod height， and number of effective pods displayed abundant variation. The genetic diversity indices for quantitative traits were uniformly high， ranging from 1.89 to 2.09， indicating rich phenotypic genetic diversity. Correlation analysis revealed significant or highly significant correlations among several key traits， but correlations between qualitative traits and most quantitative traits were weak. Cluster analysis categorized the accessions into four distinct groups： Group I features high protein content and strong lodging resistance； Group II is characterized by early maturity and short stature； Group III has high yield and a long growth period； and Group IV exhibits high yield， high protein， diverse seed coat colors， but weak lodging resistance. Principal component analysis （PCA） extracted seven principal components， collectively explaining 73.51% of the total variance. The first three principal components were associated with growth duration and yield formation， yield and quality， and seed characteristics， respectively. A comprehensive evaluation score （F-value） for the 2205 germplasms was developed based on membership function and PCA-derived weights. Screening based on the F-value identified the top 50 comprehensively superior germplasms， of which 49 belonged to Group IV and one to Group II. The F-value showed significant or highly significant correlations with most traits， except leaf shape and mature pod color， verifying its effectiveness as a comprehensive evaluation index. This study systematically deciphers the phenotypic genetic diversity of 2205 soybean germplasm resources， clarifies the breeding utilization directions for different groups， and establishes a comprehensive evaluation model that provides a significant theoretical foundation for efficiently screening core elite germplasm and directionally breeding new soybean varieties to meet diverse needs.