Peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.）， as an important oilseed and economic crop in China， is susceptible to various pathogens during its growth， development and storage， posing a severe threat to its yield and quality. With the assembly and annotation of whole-genome sequencing of wild and cultivated peanut， significant progress has been made in the mapping of disease resistance-related QTL and molecular marker-assisted breeding technologies. These advancements provide a brand-new and highly promising technical support for the genetic improvement of peanut resistant germplasm. This review systematically outlines the research progress in constructing peanut genetic maps， with a specific focus on the identification and mapping of resistance QTLs against major diseases， including leaf spot， bacterial wilt， stem rot， and aflatoxin contamination. It also analyzes the current challenges in peanut resistance breeding， aiming to offer valuable insights for developing peanut varieties with superior resistance. To further promote the genetic improvement of peanut resistance and achieve breakthrough progress in breeding technologies， future efforts should focus on approaches such as integrated omulti-omics analysis， and in-depth integration of molecular marker-assisted selection with gene editing technologies. These approaches are expected to facilitate transformative progress in peanut breeding.