Drought is one of the primary factors affecting the growth and development of wheat. The selection of wheat germplasm with superior drought tolerance is of significant importance for drought resistance research and the utilization of drought-resistant resources. This study conducted a three-year field evaluation from 2018 to 2021 on 373 local wheat varieties from Shanxi Province, assessing their drought resistance during the adult stage. Two treatments were applied: normal irrigation and drought stress. Eight indicators were measured: plant height (PH), number of spikes per plant (NSP), number of grains per spike (NGS), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), spike length (SL), length of the peduncle (LP), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), and yield per plant (YP). The comprehensive drought resistance evaluation was conducted using a combination of methods, including the comprehensive drought coefficient (CDC), drought resistance index (D), weighted drought coefficient (WDC), correlation analysis, frequency analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), grey relational analysis, membership function analysis, cluster analysis, and stepwise regression analysis. Under different water treatment conditions, significant differences were observed among the eight indicators across various germplasms. In the drought stress treatment, the values of all eight indicators were significantly reduced compared to the normal irrigation treatment, indicating high sensitivity to drought stress. Correlation analysis revealed a certain degree of correlation among the drought resistance coefficients of the eight indicators, with the strongest correlation between plant height and length of the peduncle. PCA transformed the eight evaluation indicators into five principal components, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 84.6%. The ranking of Shanxi wheat local varieties based on CDC values, WDC values, and D values was generally consistent. Using D values and cluster analysis, the 373 local wheat varieties from Shanxi were classified into five categories: Category I: Strong drought-resistant germplasm, including 19 materials; Category II: Drought-resistant germplasm, including 128 materials; Category III: Moderately drought-resistant germplasm, including 147 materials; Category IV: Drought-sensitive germplasm, including 73 materials; Category V: Highly drought-sensitive germplasm, including 6 materials. Stepwise regression analysis showed that seven indicators were found to be closely related to D values and confirmed D values as suitable drought resistance evaluation indicators and identified 19 strong drought-resistant local wheat germplasm varieties from Shanxi, providing both material and theoretical foundation for drought-resistant wheat breeding.