种质圃作物种质资源安全保存策略与实践?
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1.中国农业科学院作物科学研究所;2.中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所

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中国农业科学院科技创新工程


Strategy and Practice of the Safe Preservation of Crop Germplasm Resources in National Field Genebanks of China
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Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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    摘要:

    苹果、梨、柑橘、香蕉等果树作物,马铃薯、甘薯、木薯等薯类作物,以及橡胶、椰子、油棕等热带经济作物,需通过植株、块根、块茎、鳞茎、种茎等繁殖体在种质圃进行种植保存,这类作物统称“种质圃保存作物”或“圃位保存作物”。经过近40年的发展,逐步形成了种质圃作物种质资源安全保存策略,其技术层面上的要点:一是建设良好保存设施,二是建立规范化保存技术,三是实施资源的复份保存。随着国家作物种质库新库的试管苗和超低温保存设施的投入使用,我国初步建成了以种质圃为主,集种质圃、试管苗库、超低温库、原生境保护点为一体的保护设施体系,为实现圃位作物种质资源多样性、完整性、安全性的保存和持续利用奠定了可靠保障。至2021年12月,我国43个国家种质圃共收集保存种质资源69504份,隶属1469物种(含亚种),是世界上种质圃保存资源数量最多的国家。本文阐述了种质圃保存作物的繁殖特性,植株安全保存影响因素与技术策略,实践应用及展望等,以期对我国种质圃作物种质资源的安全保存起到促进作用。

    Abstract:

    The crops, including apple, pear, citrus, banana and other fruit tree crops, and potato, sweet potato, cassava and other tuber crops, as well as rubber, coconut, oil palm and other tropical economic crops, have to be planted through propagules such as plants, roots, tubers, bulbs, and seed stems. Based on the difference on long-term preservation strategy, these species are referred "field genebank preservation crops". Benefits from the nearly 40-years development, a technical strategy on safe preservation of these germplasm resources in National Field Genebanks of China has been estimated, including the facilities, technical procedures on sampling and preservation, as well as backup preservation. With the application of newly-established in vitro and cryopreservation facilities in National Crop Genebank of China, a preliminary integrated preservation system, including the National Field Genebanks as the core, in vitro genebank, cryopreservation genebank and in situ protection sites, is able to guarantee the long-term safe preservation and continuous utilization of diversified field genebank preservation crops. By December of 2021, forty-three National Field Genebanks have maintained 69,504 accessions of 1,469 species or subspecies, hosting the largest number of accessions in the world. This article reviews the reproductive characteristics of the conserved germplasm resources in National Field Genebanks of China, the factors that affect safe preservation and the corresponding strategies that address to these factors, as well as the practical applications and prospects of the preservation facilities system, in order to provide insights on safe preservation of these special germplasm resources in China.

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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-02
  • 最后修改日期:2022-07-01
  • 录用日期:2022-07-04
  • 在线发布日期: 2023-01-10
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