The advances in germplasm of oilseed Brassica juncea were presented with respect to collection and conversation,evaluation,physiological and genetic characterization,enhancement and utilization.Oilseed Brassica juncea originates from Asia.India and China have the greatest collection of the species.Oilseed Brassica juncea could be divided into 2 major groups: China/East European and China/Indian.There is a great genetic variability in each group from which a number of accessions with the desired traits have been identified,and physiologically and genetically characterized.Many oilseed B.juncea accessions with novel traits have been developed through distant hybridization,induced mutation or genetic transformation.The desired oilseed B.juncea accessions have been extensively exploited in Rapeseed breeding.