Using a set of 309 recombinant inbred lines of the spring wheat ‘Worrakatta’ × ‘Berkut’ grown with normal irrigation and under drought stress, respectively, as materials, the phenotypes of leaf area index (LAI) at flowering, filling and ripening stages, and the flag leaf chlorophyll content (CC) at heading, flowering and filling stages were identified. QTL mapping was carried out with wheat 50K SNP chip. The results showed that LAI and CC decreased significantly under drought stress compared with normal irrigation treatment. It was found that LAI and CC of the parents and RIL lines were significantly different with an obvious phenomenon of transgressive segregation at different growth stages with the two treatments. Two and one LAI-related QTLs were detected at flowering stage and ripening stage, respectively, which were located on chromosomes 5BS, 2BL and 1BL with normal irrigation. QLAI.xjau-5BS, QLAI.xjau-2BL.1 and QLAI.xjau-1BL explained 6.8%-8.2% of the phenotypic variation. CC-related QTL QCC.xjau-1DS was detected at both heading and flowering stages, which was located on 1DS chromosome, explaining 5.3%-5.8% of the phenotypic variation. One LAI-related QTL, QLAI.xjau-2BL.2, located on 2BL chromosome, was detected at ripening stage under drought stress, explaining 13.8% of the phenotypic variation. Seven candidate genes related to LAI and CC were screened from the QTLs found in the study, which included two genes related to F-box family proteins and one gene each related to MYB, GATA, abscisic acid receptor, BTB/POZ and WUS. These genes are involved in regulating crop growth and development and signal transduction, as well as in response to drought and other stresses. This study provides reference information for gene discovery and molecular breeding of leaf area index and chlorophyll content in wheat.