Phenotypic evaluation is an essential step in identifying excellent soybean germplasm accessions with high yield, quality seed and resistance to stresses. For better use of soybean germplasm resources in Northeast China, 361 soybean landraces and released cultivars (breeding lines) kindly provided by breeding institutions in Northeast China were tested in an experiment using a blocks in replication design at Daqing Agricultural Academy in 2012-2014. The population was evaluated on thirteen agronomic and seed quality traits. The results are summarized, including: (1) The soybean accessions in Northeast China showed a great variation in Daqing area, with an average of 121 d growth period (ranging in 94 d-134 d), 40.686% protein content (36.66%-45.33%), 20.68% oil content (15.77%-22.90%), 61.36% Total protein& oil content (57.08-65.45%), 17.48 g 100-seed weight (9.69 -28.42 g), 66 cm plant height (33.1- 96.2 cm), 17 nodes on main stem (9.76-24.00), 1.25 branches (0.0-7.4), 1.4 lodging score (1.0-4.0). (2) In Daqing, the best fitted maturity groups are MG 0 and MG I, especially MG I, with the average values of various characters close to the population mean values in Daqing. MG000 - MG00 showed early-maturation and could not make full use of local ecological climate resources, consequently the other traits, such as plant height and yield-related traits were lower than those of MG 0 - MG I groups (20 cm shorter in plant height and 1.2 t/hm2 lower in biomass), even though their seed quality traits were similar to those of MG 0 -MG I. The majority of accessions in MG II and MG III were not fully matured, which led to abnormal performances of many traits. This resulted suggested the objective in soybean breeding for suitable MG (MG 0 –MG I), increased yield and protein content, higher oil content and enhanced stress-tolerance in Daqing area. Furthermore, the materials excellent in the target traits with the variation on maturity were identified and valuable for future breeding in Daqing area.